In 2009, a team of scientists identified the 9 natural processes that regulate Earth’s biosphere and keep it stable. These include climate change, biodiversity, ocean acidification and freshwater. The team, led by Rockström, also defined the safe planetary boundary for each process. A safe and sustainable future for humanity lies within these boundaries. Crucially, these processes don’t operate in isolation but are entwined and interdependent.

Climate Action and Waste Reduction
How can cities unlock climate finance and scale proven climate solutions?


