Technical notes and methodology

Appendix A: Travel & Tourism Development Index methodology

This section provides details about the methodology of the 2026 edition of the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI). It comprises the following parts:

• Composition and calculation

• Indicator and country selection

• Indicator list and details

• Index changes and comparability

Composition and calculation

The TTDI structure (see Figure A1) is composed of 17 pillars organized into five dimensions:

A. Enabling Environment (five pillars): 1. Business Environment; 2. Safety and Security; 3. Health and Hygiene; 4. Human Resources and Labour Market; 5. ICT Readiness

B. T&T Policy and Enabling Conditions (three pillars): 6. Prioritization of T&T; 7. Openness to T&T; 8. Price Competitiveness

C. Infrastructure and Services (three pillars): 9. Air Transport Infrastructure; 10. Ground and Port Infrastructure; 11. Tourist Services and Infrastructure

D. T&T Resources (three pillars): 12. Natural Resources; 13. Cultural Resources; 14. Non- Leisure Resources

E. T&T Sustainability (three pillars): 15. Environmental Sustainability; 16. T&T Socioeconomic Impact; 17. T&T Demand Sustainability

Figure A1: Framework

These 17 pillars comprise 102 indicators that are calculated based on data derived from the Executive Opinion Survey (the survey) as well as quantitative data from other sources. The survey data is derived from responses to the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey and ranges in value from 1 (worst) to 7 (best). TTDI 2026 results reflect the latest available data at the time of collection (May 2026).

Hard data (non-survey data) was collected from various sources, which are described in Appendix B. Data used in the calculation of the TTDI can be found by visiting the online version of the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2026.

The TTDI is calculated as an average (arithmetic mean) of the 17 component pillar averages (arithmetic means). While figures for the five dimensions are provided, they are used for categorization and presentation purposes only. Each of the pillars is calculated as an unweighted average of the individual component variables. Note that the Human Resources and Labour Market pillar is the unweighted average of its three subpillars: Qualification of the Labour Force, Labour Market Dynamics and Labour Market Resilience and Equality. Likewise, the Environmental Sustainability pillar is the unweighted average of its three subpillars: T&T Energy Sustainability, Pollution and Environmental Conditions and Preservation of Nature.

Hard data indicators used in the TTDI are normalized to a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Executive Opinion Survey’s results. The standard formula for converting each hard data indicator to the 1-to-7 scale is:

The sample minimum and sample maximum are the lowest and highest scores of the overall sample, respectively. For those hard data indicators for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome (e.g. fuel price levels), the report team rely on a normalization formula that, in addition to converting the series to a 1-to-7 scale, reverses it, so that 1 and 7 still correspond to the worst and best, respectively:

However, in many cases, adjustments are made to figures used for sample minimum and sample maximum to account for issues such as outliers. See Table A1 for further details.

Indicator and country selection

To be selected for the TTDI, indicators need to meet the following criteria:

• Relevance: The indicator must be an acceptable metric for the concept that is being covered.

• Country coverage: Timely indicator data must be available for the majority of economies covered by the TTDI. In most cases, this means coverage exceeds 100 economies.

• Comparability: The indicator data must be comparable among the various economies covered and throughout its time series.

• Update frequency: The indicator must be regularly updated for the foreseeable future.

• Source quality and objectivity: The indicator must come from a reputable and objective source. In this regard, common sources include international organizations such as the World Bank and UN Tourism. To help with comparability, attempts are made to retrieve as much data as possible for a particular indicator from one source.

For data that is missing or is more than 10 years old, the following steps are taken:

• First, research is conducted to find an alternative non-government source.

• If no non-government source is found, publicly available government data is collected. However, the respective government is never informed of this action to avoid creating an unfair advantage or increase bias.

• In the case that no data is found using the above two steps, the data is imputed. Please see a list of imputed data in Table A2.

For an economy to be included in the TTDI, it needs to:

• Be included in at least one of the latest three Executive Opinion Surveys as this survey accounts for a large share of indicators

• Not have missing data for 10% or more of total indicators or 20–33% of indicators within any particular pillar (share depends on the pillar)

• Not be partaking in a conflict that generates enough material damage to make the indicators outdated

Table A1: Indicator list and details

Table A2: Table of normalization

Table A3: Table of imputation

Index changes and comparability

Each new TTDI edition regularly includes: economy coverage changes; underlying indicator data revisions and methodology changes by sources; methodology adjustment such as normalization threshold changes; the addition and removal of indicators; and framework improvements.

Please note that the underlying data revisions and methodology changes make this edition of the index incompatible with the previously released version. Therefore, this release of the index includes recalculated 2019, 2021 and 2024 figures based on adjustments to ensure comparability. Consequently, TTDI results from 2019, 2021, 2024 and 2026 provided in this report are based on the latest TTDI methodology.

Most 2026 edition changes are due to underlying data revisions and threshold changes, with no changes being made to the framework. Table A3 provides a summary of the only indicator to have a methodology change introduced by the Forum.

Table A4: Details of adjustments made to the TTDI

Appendix B: Data definitions and sources

This section complements the data tables by providing full descriptions and sources of all the indicators used for the calculations in the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2026.

The data used in this publication includes data derived from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey as well as statistical data from other organizations. In the case of indicators derived from the Executive Opinion Survey (the survey), the full question and associated answers are provided. For more details on survey indicators, please email partner.institutes@weforum.org. Moreover, you can find information on Partner Institutes that carried out the survey in Appendix D.

For indicators sourced from other organizations or national sources, because of space limitations it is not possible to reproduce in this publication all of the additional information associated with specific data points. The data used in the computation of the TTDI 2026 represents the most recent and/ or best data available at the time when it was collected. It is possible that data has subsequently been updated or revised.

Pillar 1: Business Environment

1.01 Rule of law

Score for index assessing rule of law conditions based on property rights, judicial effectiveness and government integrity | 2026

The rule of law dimension of the Index of Economic Freedom is a mean of the property rights, judicial effectiveness and government integrity components. The property rights component is derived by averaging scores for equally weighted subfactors: risk of expropriation, respect for intellectual property rights, and quality of contract enforcement, property rights and law enforcement. The score for the judicial effectiveness component is derived by averaging scores for equally weighted subfactors: judicial independence; quality of the judicial process; and perceptions of the quality of public services and the independence of the civil service. The score for the government integrity component is derived by averaging scores for equally weighted subfactors: perception of corruption, bribery risk, and control of corruption, including “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. For information on the methodology of the Index of Economic Freedom, please visit: https://economicfreedom.heritage.org/pages/ about#indexMethodology.

Source: The Heritage Foundation, 2026 Index of Economic Freedom

1.02 Burden of government regulation

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how easy is it for companies to comply with government regulation and administrative requirements (e.g. permits, reporting, legislation)?” [1 = Overly complex; 7 = Extremely easy] | 2024– 2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.03 Government ensuring political stability

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.04 Country credit rating

Average of scores across the rating of the three top rating agencies (S&P, Moody’s and DBRS) | 2026 Scoring the creditworthiness of a country between 100 (riskless) and 0 (likely to default), assigned according to Trading Economics’ methodology and based on Standard and Poor (S&P), Moody’s and DBRS sovereign debt credit rating. For information on the methodology, please visit: https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating.

Source: Trading Economics

1.05 De-jure financial globalization

Composite index that measures “de-jure” financial globalization by considering investment restriction, capital accounts openness and international investment agreements | 2023

The index is part of the KOF Globalisation Index and consists of: 1) investment restriction as measured by the prevalence of foreign ownership and regulations to international capital flow; 2) capital account openness as measured by the Chinn–Ito Index of capital account openness; and 3) international investment agreements as measured by the number of bilateral investment agreements (BITs) and treaties with investment provisions. For information on the methodology, please visit: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/ indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html.

Source: KOF Swiss Economic Institute, KOF Globalisation Index 2025

1.06 De-jure trade globalization

Composite index that measures “de-jure” trade globalization by considering trade regulations, trade taxes, tariffs and trade agreements | 2023

The index is part of the KOF Globalisation Index and consists of: 1) trade regulations as measured by the average of two subcomponents: prevalence of nontariff trade barriers and compliance costs of importing and exporting; 2) trade taxes as measured by income from taxes on international trade as percentage of revenue (inverted); 3) tariffs as measured by the unweighted mean of tariff rates; and 4) trade agreements as measured by the number of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements. For information on the methodology, please visit: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-andindicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html.

Source: KOF Swiss Economic Institute, KOF Globalisation Index 2025

1.07 SME access to finance

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access the finance they need for their business operations through the financial sector?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

Pillar 2: Safety and Security

2.01 Confidence in local police

Legatum Prosperity Index score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: “Do you have confidence in the local police force?” | 2023

Source: 2025 Legatum Prosperity Index

2.02 Safety walking alone at night

Legatum Prosperity Index score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live? | 2024

Source: 2025 Legatum Prosperity Index

2.03 Homicide rate

Number of homicide cases per 100,000 population | 2023

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) collects statistics on homicide occurrences worldwide, pooling information from national sources, including criminal justice and public health systems, supplemented by international datasets and partnerships with organizations such as Eurostat, the Organization of American States (OAS) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

2.04 Global Terrorism Index

A composite measure of the impact of terrorism, on a scale of 0–10 | 2025

The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) scores each country on a scale of 0–10, where 0 represents no impact from terrorism and 10 represents the highest measurable impact of terrorism. The factors used are the total number of terrorist incidents in a given year, total number of fatalities caused by terrorists in a given year, total number of injuries caused by terrorists in a given year and the total number of hostages caused by terrorists in a given year. Each of the factors is weighted between 0 and 3, and a five-year weighted average is applied in a bid to reflect the latent psychological effect of terrorist acts over time. A five-year weighted average is applied. For more information, please visit: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/ maps/globalterrorism-index/#/.

Source: Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Terrorism Index 2026: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism

2.05 Organized violence, deaths

Number of organized violent incidents, deaths per 100,000 population | 2020–2024 moving average

A measure of deaths from state-based armed conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence. The categories are mutually exclusive and can be aggregated as “organized violence”. They also share the same intensity cut-off for inclusion – 25 fatalities in a calendar year. For more information, please see https://ucdp.uu.se/encyclopedia. The final figure is a World Economic Forum calculation of non-state deaths divided by total population.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

Pillar 3: Health and Hygiene

3.01 Physician density

Physician density per 10,000 population | 2024

This indicator measures the number of physicians in the country per 10,000 population. Physicians include generalists, specialist medical practitioners and medical doctors not further defined.

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory

3.02 Use of basic sanitation

People using at least basic sanitation services as a percentage of total population | 2024

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services – that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. This indicator encompasses both people using basic sanitation services and those using safely managed sanitation services. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines and ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme

3.03 Use of basic drinking water

People using at least basic drinking water services as a percentage of total population | 2024

The percentage of people using at least basic water services. This indicator encompasses both people using basic water services and those using safely managed water services. Basic drinking water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs and packaged or delivered water.

Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme

3.04 Hospital beds density

Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population | 2023

Hospital beds include inpatient beds available in public, private, general and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centres. In most cases, beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.05 Communicable disease incidence

Select communicable disease incidence rate per 100,000 population | 2023

The incidence rate represents the number of people with a condition within a given period – the affected population – in relation to the total population within which these cases have arisen (in the same period) – the target population. Communicable diseases covered by this indicator include HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, lower respiratory infections and tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases, malaria and other infectious diseases. Enteric infections, COVID-19 and upper respiratory infections are excluded.

Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Results Tool, 2024

Pillar 4: Human Resources and Labour Market

Qualification of the Labour Force subpillar

4.01 Labour force with at least intermediate education

Share of labour force that has at least an intermediate education | 2025

Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).

Source: International Labour Organization

4.02 Labour force with advanced education

Share of labour force that has an advanced education | 2025

Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).

Source: International Labour Organization

4.03 Quality of secondary education

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well does secondary non-vocational education meet the needs of a competitive economy?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.04 Quality of tertiary education

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well does tertiary education meet the needs of a competitive economy?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

Labour Market Dynamics subpillar

4.05 Hiring and firing practices

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do regulations allow flexible hiring and firing of workers?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.06 Ease of finding skilled employees in local labour market

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can companies find people with the skills required to fill their vacancies in the local labour market?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.07 Flexible working arrangements

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies offer flexible working arrangements such as remote, hybrid and parttime work?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.08 Labour force participation

Proportion of the population aged 15 and older that is economically active | 2025

Labour force participation rate is the proportion of the population aged 15 and older that is economically active: that is, all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Labour Market Resilience and Equality subpillar

4.09 Equal workforce opportunities

Average score across the four components of the following Executive Opinion Survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies give equal workforce opportunities to: a. Women; b. All ethnic or racial backgrounds; c. Those with disabilities; d. Those who identify as LGBTQI+?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.10 Workers’ rights

The ITUC Global Rights Index measures countries on a scale from 1–5+ based on the degree of respect for workers’ rights, with 1 being the best rating and 5+ the worst rating | 2025

Each country is analysed against a list of 97 indicators derived from ILO conventions and jurisprudence and represents violations of workers’ rights in law and practice. Values correspond to the following conditions: 5+ means no guarantee of rights due to the breakdown of the rule of law, 5 means no guarantee of rights, 4 means systematic violations of rights, 3 means regular violations of rights, 2 means repeated violations of rights and 1 means sporadic violations of rights. For more information on the methodology, please visit: https://www.ituc-csi.org/the-global-rights-indexexplained.

Source: International Trade Union Confederation, 2026 ITUC Global Rights Index

4.11 Female labour force participation

Ratio of female to male labour force participation rate | 2025

Labour force participation rate is the proportion of the population aged 15 and older that is economically active: it covers all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period. The ratio of female to male labour force participation rate is calculated by dividing the female labour force participation rate by the male labour force participation rate and multiplying by 100.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

4.12 Social protection basic coverage

Proportion of population covered by at least one social protection benefit | 2025

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors. It also provides the coverage rates of the main functions of social protection: child and maternity benefits, support for people without a job, people with disabilities, workers in case of work injury, older persons, and poor and vulnerable people. For more information, please visit: https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/description-sustainabledevelopment-labour-market-indicators/.

Source: International Labour Organization, International Labour Organization Database on International Labour Statistics (ILOSTAT) database

4.13 Social protection spending

Government expenditure on social security and welfare as a percentage of GDP | 2025

This indicator refers to all non-repayable payments by general government, whether capital or current, requited or not. General government expenditure on social security and welfare includes: sickness and disability, old age, survivors, family and children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion, R&D on social protection, social protection n.e.c.

Source: Euromonitor International

Pillar 5: ICT Readiness

5.01 Individuals using internet

Percentage of individuals using the internet | 2025

Internet users refers to people using the internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the past three months. Data is based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of internet subscriptions.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.02 Broadband internet subscribers

Fixed broadband internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2024

This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband internet subscriptions (that is, subscriptions to highspeed access to the public internet – a TCP/IP connection – at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s).

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.03 Mobile broadband subscribers

Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2024

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.04 3G mobile network coverage

Percentage of total population covered by at least a 3G mobile network signal | 2024

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants who are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.05 Use of digital payments

Share of population 15 or older who made or received a digital payment | 2024

Digital payment includes the use of mobile money, a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account, or the use of the internet to pay bills or to buy something online or in a store, or to pay bills or send or receive remittances directly from or into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year. It also includes receiving payments for agricultural products, government transfers, wages or a publicsector pension into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year.

Source: The World Bank, Findex

5.06 Use of digital platforms for providing transportation and shipping

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Transportation and shipping?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task-based work. | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.07 Use of digital platform for providing hotels, restaurants and leisure activities services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Hotels, restaurants and leisure activities services?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task-based work. | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.08 Power losses

Electric power transmission and distribution losses as a percentage of domestic supply | 2023

“Electric power transmission and distribution losses” are losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage.

Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Data Center

Pillar 6: Prioritization of T&T

6.01 T&T government expenditure

Travel and tourism government spending as a percentage of total government consumption | 2025

This indicator includes spending (transfers or subsidies) made by government agencies to provide T&T services such as cultural (e.g. art museums), recreational (e.g. national parks), clearance (e.g. immigration/customs) and so on to visitors.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2026: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

6.02 Comprehensiveness of T&T data

Number of data available (0 = no data, 120 = all selected indicators are available) | 2018–2021

This indicator shows how much of the yearly data provided by national administrations on 30 different concepts from the UNWTO Compendium of Tourism Statistics is available. It covers 2018 through to 2021. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 120, where 120 can be obtained by a country providing data for all 30 concepts in all of the four years taken into consideration.

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

6.03 Timeliness of T&T data

Number of latest data available (0 = no data, 22.5 = data reported for all the periods considered) | 2024–2025

This indicator shows the availability of two key T&T indicators (international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts) on a monthly or quarterly basis, covering the period from October 2024 to December 2025. UN Tourism has calculated the score for each country based on the data included in the latest available UN Tourism World Tourism Barometer by adding the number of months for which data on international tourist arrivals is available to the number of months for which data on international tourism receipts is available. Half weight has been applied to the lower of the two scores, so the scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 22.5 (the maximum number of period counts a country can get is 14 for one measure and 7 for the other).

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

6.04 Country Brand Strategy rating © (CBS)

This indicator evaluates the accuracy of a National Tourism Organization (NTO)’s Country Brand Strategy | 2024-2025 moving average

The Country Brand Strategy © (CBS) rating measures how closely an NTO’s official tourism website aligns with current traveller search demand. It compares the tourism-related brandtags most frequently searched for in a country with those most heavily promoted on its official tourism website. A higher rating shows stronger alignment between the website’s content and the brandtags with the highest demand. A lower rating may indicate limited focus on high-demand brandtags or greater promotion of less popular ones. Data on the brandtags most promoted on an NTO’s official tourism website is collected at a specific point during the year. Results may vary over time due to changes in website content or structure, traveller search patterns and the tools used to interpret evolving search behaviour, including AIdriven discovery.

Note: Exceptions may apply when a country introduces a new Country Brand Strategy to promote lesser-known brandtags and develop new markets. A lower rating may mean that the impact of the strategy is not yet reflected in traveller search demand. Exceptions may also apply when an NTO’s website is being updated to adapt to new search and AI trends. In this case, the rating may not yet reflect the impact of those updates.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, based on search demand from market-leading search engines worldwide (mobile and desktop)

Pillar 7: Openness to T&T

7.01 Visa requirements

Visa requirements for entry in the destination country for a tourism visit of a limited duration from worldwide source markets | 2025

This indicator measures to what extent a destination country is facilitating inbound tourism through its visa policy, distinguishing whether the country can be visited without a visa, a visa can be obtained on arrival or an electronic visa (including electronic travel authorizations) is available. It is calculated as a percentage of the world population that is exempt from a visa or is eligible for a visa on arrival or an electronic visa when visiting the destination country, where each source market is weighted equally by its share of world population, and: 1) the population of source markets that can visit the destination country without a visa is fully counted (i.e. weight 1); 2) the population of source markets that can obtain a visa on arrival when entering the destination country is weighted by 0.7; and 3) the population of source markets that can use an electronic visa – including electronic travel authorizations (e.g. ESTA, eTA, NZeTA), which the source groups together with electronic visas – is weighted by 0.5. Source markets for which entry is not admitted are scored 0.

Source: Arton Capital, Passport Index (passportindex.org); The World Bank, World Development Indicators

7.02 Number of air service agreements

Number of air service agreements weighted by level of liberalization | 2023

This indicator measures the number of air service agreements (ASAs) to which an economy is party, weighted by level of liberalization. Traditional agreements receive a weight of 0.5, transitional agreements receive 0.75 and fully liberalized agreements receive 1.0. Please note that all European Union member states are treated as if they have a fully liberalized agreement with fellow members, with bilateral agreements between European Union member states not counted. The same methodology goes for economies covered by the European Common Aviation Area, the Euro–Mediterranean Aviation Agreement, the EU–US Open Skies Agreement, the EU–Canada Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement and the ASEAN Open Sky Agreement. Data and classification come from ICAO’s WASA database, which can be accessed at: https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Pages/WASA.aspx.

Source: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), WASA Database

7.03 Reputation for hospitality

TRAVELSAT Hospitality Reputation Index | March 2025 to March 2026

The TRAVELSAT Reputation Index for locals’ hospitality quantifies the sentiment polarity in online discussions about the friendliness and hospitality of local residents towards visitors, across various platforms such as media, blogs and social networks. It generates a score reflecting the overall positivity or negativity in these conversations, influenced by a wide range of factors including sustainability, economic, environmental and sociopolitical issues that can affect the perceived hospitality of a destination’s community.

Source: TRAVELSAT, MMGY TCI Research

7.04 Passport mobility score

Score for visa-free access for a country’s passport to travel destinations as measured by the Henley Passport Index | 2026

For each travel destination, if no visa is required for passport holders from a country or territory, then a score with value = 1 is created for that passport. A score with value = 1 is also applied if passport holders can obtain a visa on arrival, a visitor’s permit or an electronic travel authorization (ETA) when entering the destination. These types of visa require no pre-departure government approval because of the specific visa-waiver programmes in place. Where a visa is required, or where a passport holder has to obtain a government-approved electronic visa (eVisa) before departure, a score with value = 0 is assigned. A score with value = 0 is also assigned if passport holders need pre-departure government approval for a visa on arrival, a scenario that is not considered “visa-free”. The total score for each passport is equal to the number of destinations for which no visa is required (value = 1), under the conditions defined above.

Source: Henley & Partners Holdings

Pillar 8: Price Competitiveness

8.01 Hotel price index

Average room rates calculated for midscale to upper-upscale hotels (US$) | 12-month average through to July 2025

This index measures the average price, in US dollars, of midscale to upper-upscale hotel accommodation in each country. The index is calculated by using the average room rate achieved by midscale to upper-upscale hotels in each country over a 12-month period from July 2024 through July 2025, to mitigate the impact of any seasonality fluctuations.

Source: CoStar

8.02 Purchasing power parity

Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to the official exchange rate | 2024

The World Bank defines the purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a US dollar would buy in the United States. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the US dollar). The variable shown is the PPP conversion factor to market exchange rate ratio as reported by the World Bank’s World Development Indicator database.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

8.03 Fuel price levels

Retail gasoline (petrol) prices expressed as US dollars per litre | 2026

This indicator refers to the annual average of pump prices of octane-95 gasoline (petrol).

Source: Globalpertrolprices.com

8.04 Short-term rental price

Average daily rate for active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms | 12-month average 2025

Source: AirDNA

Pillar 9: Air Transport Infrastructure

9.01 Efficiency of air transport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed and price) are the following transport services: Air transport services?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

9.02 Available seat kilometres

Domestic and international seat kilometres originating in country per week (year average) per population | 2024

This indicator measures an airline’s passengercarrying capacity. It is composed of the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometres. The final value represents the weekly average for the year (Jan–Dec), taking into account flights scheduled beforehand by airline companies divided by country population.

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA), OAG data; World Bank, World Development Indicators

9.03 Number of operating airlines

Number of airlines with scheduled passenger flights originating in the country | 2025

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA), OAG data

9.04 Airport connectivity

This represents the IATA airport connectivity indicator, which measures the degree of integration of a country within the global air transport network | 2025

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA), OAG data

Pillar 10: Ground and Port Infrastructure

10.01 Quality of roads

Response to the survey question: “In your country, what is the quality and extent of road infrastructure?” [1 = Extremely poor – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely good – among the best in the world] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.02 Road density

Kilometres of road per 100 square kilometres of land | 2025

Road density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total road network to the country’s land area. The road network includes all motorways, highways and main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, and all other roads.

Source: Euromonitor International

10.03 Efficiency of train services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are train services (if applicable)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.04 Railroad density

Kilometres of railroad per 100 square kilometres of land | 2025

Railroad density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total railroad network to the country’s land area. Rail lines are the length of railway route available for train service, irrespective of the number of parallel tracks.

Source: Euromonitor International

10.05 Efficiency of public transport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Public transport services (e.g. buses, trains, subways, electric bikes and taxis)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.06 Efficiency of seaport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Seaport services (ferries, boats)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

Pillar 11: Tourist Services and Infrastructure

11.01 Hotel rooms density

Number of hotel rooms per 100 population | 2024

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism); The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.02 Short-term rental listing density

Number of active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms per 10,000 people | 12-month average ending in June 2025

Source: AirDNA; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.03 Labour productivity in hotels and restaurants

Sector output (gross value added) divided by employed population in constant 2020 PPP $ | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

This indicator category corresponds to division H of the International Standard Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev 3.1) and includes: hotels and restaurants.

Source: Euromonitor International

11.04 T&T capital investment intensity

Travel and tourism capital investment per sector employee | 2024, 2025 average

This indicator includes government-sector investment expenditure (e.g. equipment, land, buildings, infrastructure) and private-sector investment expenditures (e.g. hotels, convention centres, airports, taxis).

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2026: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

Pillar 12: Natural Resources

12.01 Number of World Heritage natural sites

Number of World Heritage natural sites in the country | 2025

World Heritage natural sites are those properties that the World Heritage Committee considers to have outstanding universal value.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage Centre

12.02 Total known species

Number of animal, plant, fungus and chromista species in the country | 2025

This indicator measures the total number of species assessed and included on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, covering animals, plants, fungi and other taxonomic groups.

Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Red List

12.03 Total protected areas

Total square kilometres of terrestrial and marine areas under protection | 2026

Based on the IUCN’s definition, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected areas include nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks, natural monuments, habitat/species management, protected landscape/seascape and managed resource protected area. The data undergoes a logarithmic transformation before being scaled from 1 to 7. For more information on protected areas and the associated methodology, please see: https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/ thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=Methodology.

Source: United Nations Environment Programme– World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP–WCMC), World Database of Protected Areas

12.04 Natural tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to the following nature-related brandtags: Beach Accommodation, Beaches, Gardens, Natural Wonders, Parks and Reserves, Camping, Golf Accommodation, Rural Accommodation, Ski Accommodation, Diving, Golf, Water Sports, Winter Sports, Adventure and Outdoor, Animal Watching, Boating, Fishing, Hunting and Hiking | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 Digital Demand © tool, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 15,721,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in 21 languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

12.05 Number of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions

Number of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions | 2021

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) defines an ecoregion as a “large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions”. This includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecoregions.

Source: One Earth; Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW)

Pillar 13: Cultural Resources

13.01 Number of World Heritage cultural sites

Number of World Heritage cultural sites in the country | 2025

World Heritage cultural sites are those properties that the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage Centre

13.02 Oral and intangible cultural heritage

Number of oral and intangible heritage practices and expressions | 2025

Intangible cultural heritage practices are those practices, representations, expressions, knowledge and skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment and their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. The Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage evaluates nominations proposed by States Parties to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage annually and decides whether or not to inscribe those cultural practices and expressions of intangible heritage on the Convention’s Lists.

Source: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

13.03 Number of large sports stadiums

Total number of sports stadiums in a country with a capacity greater than 20,000 seats | 2025

The count of stadiums with a capacity greater than 20,000 seats is a proxy for the ability of a country to host significant sports or entertainment events (e.g. concerts, shows).

Source: Worldofstadiums.com

13.04 Cultural and entertainment tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to the following culture and entertainment-related brandtags: Gastro Activities, Restaurants, Local Gastronomy, Historical Sites, Museums, UNESCO, History, Local Dances, Local People and Tribes, Local Traditions, Traditional Markets, Religious Sites and Pilgrimage, Performing Arts, Urban Landmarks, Aquariums, Entertainment Parks, Gambling, Nightlife, Shopping, Special Events and Zoos | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 Digital Demand © tool, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 18,308,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in 21 languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand ˝ data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

13.05 Number of UNESCO Creative Cities

Number of cities that are members of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network | 2025

The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development. Cities that currently make up this network work together towards a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level.

Source: UNESCO Creative Cities Network

Pillar 14: Non-Leisure Resources

14.01 Presence of Forbes Global 2000 HQ locations

Ratio of the share of Forbes Global 2000 companies based in an economy to the economy’s share of global GDP | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

Forbes Global 2000 is a list of the 2,000 largest public companies in the world based on sales, profits, assets and market value. A company needs to qualify for at least one of the category lists to be eligible for the final Global 2000 ranking. For more information on the Global 2000 methodology, please visit: https://www.forbes.com/sites/andreamurphy/2025/05/27/2025-global-2000-methodology/.

Source: Forbes, Global 2000; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

14.02 Presence of global cities

The indicators measure the presence of cities ranked by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) | 2024

GaWC ranking results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services (finance, management consultancy, accountancy, corporate law and advertising) across 785 cities worldwide. The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (i.e. enabling corporate globalization). The connectivity measures are used to classify cities into levels of world city network integration. Alpha-level cities are linked to major economic states and regions and into the world economy and are classified into four sections, Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha and Alpha – cities. Beta-level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections, Beta +, Beta and Beta – cities. Gammalevel cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Gamma +, Gamma and Gamma – cities. Sufficiency-level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, each country’s score is the sum of points of all of the ranked cities based in the economy, with points determined by city classification. A logarithmic transformation is applied to final point values.

Source: Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network

14.03 Number of top universities

Number of top 10,000 universities as ranked by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities | 2025

This indicator is the weighted average of all universities based on ranking tier. A university’s rank is based on a composite index that looks at its web content impact, top-cited researchers and top-cited papers. Universities ranked 1–100 receive full weight, 101–500 receive 1/2 weight, 501–1,000 receive 1/4 weight, 1,001–5,000 receive 1/6 weight and 5,001– 10,000 receive 1/16 weight. Institutions ranked 10,001 and above are not counted. Data undergoes a log transformation before being normalized. For more information on the ranking, please see https://www.webometrics.org/.

Source: Cybermetrics Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient.ficas (CSIC)

14.04 Non-leisure tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to business tourism, study and health tourism brandtags: Business, Entrepreneurship, Exchange Programmes and Financial Aid, Degrees and Courses, Voluntary and Medical Tourism | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 Digital Demand © software, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 3,721,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in 21 languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

Pillar 15: Environmental Sustainability

T&T Energy Sustainability subpillar

15.01 T&T GHG intensity

GHG emissions in CO2e kg per US$ of T&T GDP | 2024

GHG emissions include Scope 1, 2 and 3 plus international transport. Transport activity includes all modes of transport.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center, 2026: https://wttc.org/sustainability

15.02 T&T energy intensity

Megajoule of energy, per real US$ of GDP | 2024

Energy sources include Scope 1, 2 and 3 plus international transport.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2026: https://wttc.org/sustainability

15.03 T&T use of low-carbon energy

Low carbon energy as a share of total energy usage in travel and tourism | 2024

Low-carbon energy is defined as renewable energy (wind, wave, solar and geothermal), plus hydro and nuclear.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2026: https://wttc.org/sustainability

15.04 Renewable energy regulation

Renewable energy pillar score of the RISE index, which gives a snapshot of a country’s policies and regulations in the energy sector | 2023

The renewable energy pillar score is composed of indicators that assess: 1) governance; 2) electricity; 3) heating and cooling; 4) transport; and 5) levelling the playing field. For more information, please see https://rise.esmap.org/analytics.

Source: The World Bank/ESMAP, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE)

Pollution and Environmental Conditions subpillar

15.06 Particulate matter (2.5) concentration

Population-weighted exposure to PM 2.5 (micrograms per cubic metre) | 2023

Fine-particle outdoor air pollution (PM 2.5) consists of airborne particles measuring less than 2.5 micrometres in aerodynamic diameter, most often produced as a result of combustion. PM 2.5 concentrations are measured in micrograms of particulate matter per cubic metre of air, or μg/ m3. To estimate concentrations of PM 2.5, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) scientists combine data from 10,408 air-quality monitors representing urban and rural data in 116 countries, satellite observations and global chemical transport models that use data on emissions, chemical reactions and meteorological conditions to estimate the movement and concentration of pollutants. To estimate PM 2.5 exposures for people living in a specific area, scientists combine the number of people living within that area and the PM 2.5 concentration to which they are exposed. This method produces a population-weighted annual average concentration for a given country or region. Population-weighted annual average concentrations are better estimates of population exposures, because they give proportionately greater weight to the air pollution experienced where most people live. For more information, please visit: https://www.stateofglobalair.org/data/estimate-exposure.

Source: Health Effects Institute, State of Global Air 2025, Boston MA

15.07 Level of water stress

Freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater sources | 2022

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

15.08 Red List Index

The Red List Index measures changes in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species | 2025

This indicator is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1, with 0 meaning all species have gone extinct and 1 meaning all species are classified as Least Concern (i.e. not expected to become extinct in the near future).

Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Global SDG Indicators Database

15.09 Forest cover loss

Five-year moving average of annual tree cover loss to forest extent in 2000, in areas with greater or equal to 30% tree cover | 2020 through 2024 moving average

This indicator is calculated by taking the most recent five-year average of annual tree cover loss divided by forest extent in 2000. In this dataset, “tree cover” is defined as all vegetation greater than 5 metres (m) in height and may take the form of natural forests or plantations across a range of canopy densities. “Loss” indicates the removal or mortality of tree cover and can be due to a variety of factors, including mechanical harvesting, fire, disease or storm damage. For more information refer to: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/.

Source: Global Forest Watch

15.10 Proportion of safely treated domestic wastewater flows

Share of domestic wastewater that is safely treated | 2024

This indicator measures share of wastewater volumes (1,000 m3/day), generated through different activities, that are safely treated before being discharged into the environment. Domestic flows are those that are generated from private households.

Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, SDG Indicators Database

15.11 Clean ocean water

Ocean Health Index score for clean waters | 2025

This indicator measures to what degree marine waters under national jurisdictions have been contaminated by chemicals, excessive nutrients (eutrophication), human pathogens and waste. For more information, please see https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/map/indicators/ocean-health-indexclean- waters-score/.

Source: Global Ocean Health Index

Preservation of Nature subpillar

15.12 Number of environmental treaty ratifications

Total number of ratified environmental treaties | 2023

This indicator measures the total number of international treaties from a set of 29 for which a state is a participant. A state is acknowledged as a participant whenever its status for each treaty appears as Ratified, Accession or In Force. The treaties included are: the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 Ramsar; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 Paris; the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 London, Mexico City, Moscow, Washington; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 Washington; the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) as modified by the Protocol of 1978, London; the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 Bonn; the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Montego Bay; the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 Vienna; the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987 Montreal; the Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989 Basel; the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 London; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 New York; the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 Rio de Janeiro; the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/ or Desertification, particularly Africa, 1994 Paris; the Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, 1994 New York; the Agreement relating to the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995 New York; the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto 1997; the Convention on the Law of the Non- Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997; the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998 Rotterdam; the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000 Montreal; the Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 London; the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001 Stockholm; the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2001 Rome; the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 2006 Geneva; the Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2010 Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur; the Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya 2010; the Convention on Mercury, Minamata, 2013; and the Paris Agreement 2015.

Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Environmental Law Centre ELIS Treaty Database (received via direct communication)

15.13 Adequate protection for nature

Response to the survey question: “In your country to what extent is the environment and nature adequately protected?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

15.14 Total protected areas coverage

Total square kilometres of terrestrial and marine under protection as a share of the country’s total area | 2026

Based on the IUCN’s definition, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected areas include nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks, natural monuments, habitat/species management, protected landscape/seascape and protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources.

Source: United Nations Environment Programme– World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP–WCMC), World Database of Protected Areas

15.15 Average proportion of all key biodiversity areas covered by protected areas

Mean percentage of each terrestrial/freshwater Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) covered by (i.e. overlapping with protected areas and/or OECMs) | 2023

The indicator shows temporal trends in the mean percentage of each important site for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity (i.e. those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).

Source: BirdLife International, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and United Nations Environment Programme–World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP–WCMC)

Pillar 16: T&T Socioeconomic Impact

16.01 T&T GDP multiplier

Ratio of indirect and induced tourism GDP to direct travel and tourism GDP contribution | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

Direct contribution reflects internal travel and tourism spending, which includes resident and non-resident spending on industry services. Total contribution reflects wider sector impact on an economy such as spending on supply-chain goods and consumer spending of sector and supplier employees.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2026: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

16.02 T&T employment multiplier

Ratio of indirect and induced tourism employment to direct travel and tourism employment contribution | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2026: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

16.03 T&T high-wage jobs

Proportion of direct T&T jobs that are in high-wage sectors | 2024

High-wage sectors are defined as those in which average wages are roughly in the top third of earnings in a given country (above the 65th percentile).

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2026: https://wttc.org/sustainability

16.04 T&T labour gender parity

Absolute difference between male and female share of direct travel and tourism employment | 2024

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2026: https://wttc.org/sustainability

Pillar 17: T&T Demand Sustainability

17.01 Inbound length of stay

Length of stay refers to the number of days spent in the destination country | 2023, 2024, 2025 moving average

Source: Euromonitor International

17.02 Seasonality of international tourist arrivals

Top three months’ share of total yearly international tourist arrivals | 2024, 2025 moving average

International tourist arrivals are defined as tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited.

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

17.03 Concentration of interest in cultural attractions

Share of an economy’s total page views that its top 10% of viewed cultural attractions received on Tripadvisor | 2023, 2024, 2025 year end August moving average

This indicator acts as a proxy for potential overcrowding at attractions. Cultural attractions include places of worship and other religious sites, historic walking areas, ancient ruins, educational sites, military bases/facilities, missions, libraries, civic centres, mines, castles, government buildings, historic sites, cemeteries, battlefields, scenic/historic walking areas, neighbourhoods and ghost towns. Economies that have 10 or fewer attractions are excluded. Data is received by direct communication.

Source: Tripadvisor

17.04 Concentration of interest in nature attractions

Share of an economy’s total page views that its top 10% of viewed nature attractions received on Tripadvisor | 2023, 2024, 2025 year end August moving average

This indicator acts as a proxy for potential overcrowding at attractions. Nature and park attractions include nature/wildlife areas, islands, beaches, playgrounds, national parks, forests, dams, biking trails, waterfalls, off-road/all-terrain vehicle trails, hot springs/geysers, geologic formations, motorcycle trails, state parks, equestrian trails, volcanoes, bodies of water, parks, caverns/caves, gardens, valleys, mountains, zoos, ski/snowboarding areas, canyons, reefs, hiking trails, marinas, aquariums, deserts, other nature and parks. Economies that have 10 or fewer attractions are excluded. Data is received by direct communication.

Source: Tripadvisor

17.05 Geographically dispersed tourism

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are foreign visitors (tourists and business travellers) dispersed throughout the country?” [1 = Visitors are heavily concentrated in a few destinations; 7 = Visitors are equally distributed throughout the country] | 2024–2025 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum; Executive Opinion Survey

Appendix C: Income group and regional classifications

Income group classifications, 2026

The following income group classifications were used for the index and report.

Table C1: Per capita income classifications

Table C2: Regional group classifications, 2026

Appendix D: Partner Institutes

The World Economic Forum’s Centre for the New Economy and Society is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of the Travel & Tourism Development Index 2026 would not have been feasible:

Algeria

Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée Pour Le Développement (CREAD)

Yacine Belarbi, Director

Khaled Menna, Director of Macroeconomics and Economic Integration

Angola

Jobartis

João Freitas, Country Manager

Luis Verdeja, Director

Argentina

IAE Business School, Universidad Austral

Eduardo Fracchia, Full Professor, Department of Economics and Finance

Martin Calveira, Research Economist

Armenia

CIVITTA Institution Research Center NGO

Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate

Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Italy, the Philippines, Sweden, Taiwan, Province of China, United Kingdom, United States

Dynata

Thomas Huff, Senior Project Manager

Steffen Bott, Vice-President, Sales

Valentyna Chuikina, Associate Account Director

Austria

Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)

Gabriel Felbermayr, Director

Michael Peneder, Project Lead

Alexandros Charos, Survey Expert

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)

Nasimi Ismayilov, Vice-Rector for Economic Affairs

Sevinj Majid, Head of UNEC Career Center

Gultaj Tahirli, Specialist of Project Management Office

Ulkar Ibrahimli, Senior Specialist of UNEC Career Center

Ayten Aghayeva, Specialist of UNEC Career Center

Bahamas

The Government and Public Policy Institute, University of the Bahamas

Zhivargo Laing, Executive Director

Jeannie D. Gibson, Policy Assistant

Bahrain

Bahrain Economic Development Board

Noor bint Ali AlKhulaif, Minister of Sustainable Development, Chief Executive of the Economic Development Board

Nada Al-Saeed, Chief of Strategy

Rima AlKilani, Executive Director, Projects

Redha AlAnsari, Executive Director, Research

Fatema AlAtbi, Head, Research

Sara Ishaq, Senior Executive, Research

Bangladesh

Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)

Fahmida Khatun, Executive Director

Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Director

Jebunnesa (Jeba), Programme Associate

Maleehah Sabah Ali, Programme Associate

Benin

Institut de Recherche Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP)

Leonard Wantchekon, President

Stéphania Houngan, Research Associate

Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama

INCAE Business School

Ronald Arce, Director

Enrique Bolaños, President

Bosnia and Herzegovina

School of Economics and Business, University of Sarajevo

Jasmina Selimovic, Dean

Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor

Amra Kapo, Associate Professor

Botswana

Botswana National Productivity Centre

Sethunya Kegakgametse, Research Consultant

Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician

Zelda Okatch, Information and Research Services

Manager

Matlho Kgosi, Executive Director (Acting)

Brazil

Fundação Dom Cabral

Hugo Tadeu, Director and Professor at the FDC Innovation, AI and Digital Center

Jersone Tasso, Professor at the FDC Innovation, AI and Digital Center

Bruna Diniz, Research Assistant at the FDC Innovation, AI and Digital Center

Kauã Kenner, Research Assistant at the FDC Innovation, AI and Digital Center

Brunei Darussalam

Universiti Teknologi Brunei (UTB)

Datin Paduka, Professor

Dayang Hajah Zohrah binti Haji Sulaiman, Vice-Chancellor

Mohamad Saiful bin Haji Omar, Assistant Vice-Chancellor (External and Industry Relations)

Hajah Siti Wardah binti Haji Abd Rahman, Project Coordinator

Bulgaria

Center for Economic Development

Maria Prohaska, Director

Ivalina Simeonova, Project Manager

Cameroon

Compétitivité Cameroon

Hermann Fotie Ii, Permanent Secretary

Tanankem Belmondo Voufo, Expert Investment Climate

Jean Baptiste Nsoe Nkouli, Competitiveness Observatory Expert

Cape Verde

INOVE Research

Frantz Tavares, Chief Executive Officer

Jerónimo Freire, Project Manager

Júlio Delgado, Director

Chad

Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun

Simael Mbairassem, Economist in charge of Research and Public Policies

Maoundonodji Gilbert, Managing Director

Chile

University Adolfo Ibañez Business School

Rodrigo Wagner, Associate Professor of Finance

Colombia

National Planning Department of Colombia

Natalia Irene Molina Posso, General Director, Department of National Planning

Tatiana Zambrano Sanchez, Technical Director, Innovation and Private Sector Development

Sara Patricia Rivera, Adviser, Innovation and Private Sector Development

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Congo-Invest Consulting

Teza Bila Minlangu, Administrator

Faila Tabu Ngandi, Managing Director

Bertin Muderhwa, Head of Service in charge of Studies and Statistics at the Federation of Businesses of Congo

Côte d’Ivoire

Centre de Promotion des Investissements en Côte D’ivoire (CEPICI)

Solange Amichia, Chief Executive Officer

Ramatou Fall, Director of Business Climate

Simon Meledje, Head of Planning and Monitoring

Bernadine Yeble N’Guessan, Research Officer

Cyprus

Cyprus Employers and Industry Confederation (OEB)

Antonis Frangoudis, Director Business Development and Economic Affairs Department

Bank of Cyprus

Kyriacos Antoniou, Governance Officer

Andreas Alexandrou, Manager Strategy and Customer Insights

Czechia

Czechia CMC Graduate School of Business

Tomáš Janča, Executive Director

Denmark

Danish Technological Institute

Stig Yding Sørensen, Senior Specialist

Andreas Bjerre Lunkeit, Consultant

Ecuador

ESPAE Graduate School of Management (ESPOL)

María Luisa Granda, Dean of ESPAE-ESPOL

Tania Tenesaca, Project Coordinator

Egypt

Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES)

Abla Abdel Latif, Executive Director, and Director of Research

Salma Bahaa El Din, Senior Economist

Ahmed Maged, Research Assistant

Hossam Khater, Research Assistant

Mohamed Khater, Research Assistant

Estonia

Estonian Institute of Economic Research (EKI)

Peeter Raudsepp, Director

Finland

ETLA Research Institute of the Finnish Economy

Aki Kangasharju, Managing Director

Päivi Puonti, Head of Forecasting

Ville Kaitila, Senior Researcher

Georgia

Grigol Robakidze University

Vakhtang Charaia, Vice-Rector

Tengiz Taktakishvili, Expert

Giga Tvauri, Expert

TSU Center for Analysis and Forecasting

Mariam Lashkhi, Project Manager

Otar Anguridze, Head of the Board

Ghana

Association of Ghana Industries

Yaw Adu-Gyamfi, President

Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Chief Executive Officer

John Defor, Director, Policy and Research

Greece

SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises

Michael Mitsopoulos, Director, Business Licensing, Spatial Planning & Infrastructure

Athanasios Printsipas, Senior Adviser, Labour Affairs and Social Dialogue

Guatemala

FUNDESA

Jose Miguel Torrebiarte, President of the Board of Directors

Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Officer

Fernando Spross, Associate Researcher

Paola Sosa, Corporate Affairs Coordinator

Hong Kong SAR, China

Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce

Simon Ngan, Director, Policy and Research

Wilson Chong, Senior Economist

Hungary

KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research

Peter Vakhal, Senior Research Associate

Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer

India

LeadCap Knowledge Solutions – LeadCap Ventures

Sangeeth Varghese, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer

Vidyadhar Prabhudesai, Director and Chief Operating Officer

Iraq

Baghdad Economic Forum

Faris Raheem Aal-Salman, Chairman of the Board of Directors

Thabit Kadhim Khudhur, Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors

Ireland

Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC)

Geraldine Anderson, Head of Research

Israel

Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI)

Ron Tomer, President

Ruby Ginel, Chief Executive Officer

Dan Catarivas, General Manager, Foreign Trade and International Relations Division

Itai Nakash, Deputy General Manager, Foreign Trade and International Relations Division

Jamaica

Mona School of Business and Management (MSBM), The University of the West Indies, Mona

David McBean, Executive Director

Yvette Cameron-Harris, Project Administrator

Jamaica Promotions Corporation (JAMPRO)

Shulette Cox, Vice-President, Research, Advocacy, and Project Implementation

National Competitiveness Council Jamaica

Sharifa Powell, Consultant Project Manager

Japan

Waseda University

Jusuke Ikegami, Professor

Mitsuyo Tsubayama, Coordinator

Shoko Miya, Coordinator

Aiko Hatano, Coordinator

Jordan

Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation

Omar Fanek, Director

Mira Mango, Head of Competitiveness and International Indicators Division

Kazakhstan

Center for Strategic Initiatives

Olzhas Khudaibergenov, Senior Partner

Yerbol Tulegenov, Associate Partner

Symbat Aliaskarova, Consultant

Kenya

University of Nairobi

Karuti Kanyinga, Research Professor and Director, Institute of Development Studies (IDS)

Vincent Mugo, Project Assistant, IDS

Paul Kamau, Associate Research Professor, IDS

Korea, Rep.

Korea Development Institute

Inho Song, Executive Director, Economic Information and Education Center

Eunhee Kim, Head, Public Opinion Analysis Unit

Boyoung Han, Senior Research Associate, Public Opinion Analysis Unit

Kosovo and North Macedonia

Economic Chamber of North-West Macedonia

Durim Zekiri, Executive Director

Miranda Ajdini, Operations Manager

Besiana Mustafa, Business Liaison Officer

Genta Latifi, Associate for Research and Analysis

Kuwait

Kuwait University

Fahad Al-Rashid, Committee Chair

Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member

Majed Jamal Al-Deen, Committee Member

Kyrgyz Republic

Economic Policy Institute

Marat Tazabekov, Chairman

Lao PDR

Enterprise and Development Consultants (EDC)

Buakhai Phimmavong, Managing Partner

Thipphasone Inthachack, Office Administrator

Latvia

Stockholm School of Economics in Riga

Arnis Sauka, Head of the Centre for Sustainable Development

Lesotho

Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho (PSFL)

Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer

Bokang Tsoanamatsie, Public Relations Officer

Qothoase Khofane, Researcher

Liberia and Sierra Leone

GQRDOTCOM (GQR)

Omodele Jones, Chief Executive Officer

Lithuania

Innovation Agency Lithuania

Jone Kalendiene, Head of Research and Analysis Division

Irena Karelina, Analyst

Luxembourg

Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce

Christel Chatelain, Head of Economic Affairs

Sidonie Paris, Economist

Anthony Villeneuve, Economist

Malawi

Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry

Daisy Kambalame, Chief Executive

Lucky Mfungwe, Director of Business Environment

Chancy Mkandawire, Economic Analyst

Blessings Kalulu, Economic Analyst

Malaysia

Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC)

Datuk Zahid Ismail, Director General

Mazrina Mohamed Ibramsah, Deputy Director General

Mohamad Norjayadi Tamam, Deputy Director General

Wan Fazlin Nadia Wan Osman, Director

Mohammed Alamin Rehan, Director

Mali

Mali Applied and Theoretical Economics Research Group (GREAT)

Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director

Wélé Fatoumata Binta Sow, Researcher

Badiégué Diallo, Administrative and Financial Assistant

Malta

Competitive Malta – Foundation for National Competitiveness

Adrian Said, Associate

Matthew Castillo, Associate

Mauritius

Economic Development Board

Mahen Abhimanu Kundasamy, Chief Executive Officer

Yudeeshen Narayanan, Manager

Mexico

Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO)

Valeria Moy, General Director

Isabel Madrazo, Program Manager

Ministry of the Economy

Jorge Eduardo Arreola Cavazos, General Director for Competitiveness and Competition

Carlos Rubén Altamirano Márquez, Director

Fernando Tonatiuh Parra Calvo, Underdirector for Competitiveness

Mongolia

Open Society Forum (OSF)

Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director

Oyunbadam Davaakhuu, Program Manager

Montenegro

The Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP)

Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Coordinator

Veselin Vukotic, President

Morocco

The Policy Centre for the New South

Karim El Aynaoui, Executive President

Asmaa Tahraoui, Senior Knowledge Manager

Abdelaaziz Ait Ali, Head, Economics Research Department

Namibia

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)

Tia-Zia Garoes, Office Manager

Suzie Shefeni, Research Associate

Nepal

Competitiveness and Development Institute (CODE)

Ramesh C. Chitrakar, Project Director/Country Coordinator

Abhinandan Baniya, Associate Team Member

Menaka Shrestha, Team Member

Netherlands

Amsterdam Centre for Business Innovation, University of Amsterdam

Henk Volberda, Director and Professor

Rick Hollen, Senior Research Associate

Raoul Breij, Research Assistant

Nigeria

Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)

Tayo Aduloju, Chief Executive Officer

Olusegun Omisakin, Director of Research and Development

Sodik Olofin, Economist

Oman

National Competitiveness Office (NCO)

Salim Abdullah Al Shaikh, Acting Chief

Juhaina Saleh Al Balushi, Economic Researcher

Jawaher Sultan Al Habsi, Business Analyst

Pakistan

Mishal Pakistan

Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer

Puruesh Chaudhary, Director

Paraguay

Paraguayan Foundation for Cooperation and Development

Martin Burt, Chief Executive Officer

Luis Fernando Sanabria, Chief Executive Officer

Sol Urbieta, Management Assistant

Peru

Industrial Development Center of the National Society of Industries

Luis Tenorio, Executive Director

Maria Elena Baraybar, Project Assistant

Benoni Sanchez, Head of Systems

Poland

National Bank of Poland

Piotr Boguszewski, Economic Adviser

Piotr Szpunar, Director

Portugal

Business Administrators Forum (FAE)

Paulo Carmona, President

Mariana Marques dos Santos, Member of the Board

PROFORUM Association for the Development of Engineering

Ilidio De Ayala Serôdio, Vice-President

Helena Roquette, Secretary

Qatar

Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)

Sheikh Faisal Bin Qassim Al Thani, Chairman

Issa Abdulsalam Abu Issa, Secretary General

Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager

Romania

Association for Women Entrepreneurship Development (ADAF)

The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania

Rotaru Cornelia, President

Rotaru Gela, Business Analyst

Savu Cristina, Communication Expert

Rwanda

Rwanda Development Board

Delphine Uwase, Acting Head of Strategy and Competitiveness Department

Kennedy Kalisa, Strategy Analyst

Richard Kayibanda, Acting Chief Strategy and Compliance Officer

Saudi Arabia

Alfaisal University

Mohammed Kafaji, Director of Alfaisal Competitiveness Center

National Competitiveness Centre

Eiman Habbas Al-Mutairi, Chief Executive Officer of the National Competitiveness Center

Waleed AlRudaian, Vice-President

Salman M. AlTukhaifi, General Manager of Analytics & Business Intelligence

Senegal

Université Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar

Thierno Thioune, Directeur du Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées

Serbia

Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN)

Aleksandar Radivojević, Coordinator

Dejan Molnar, Director

Singapore

Singapore Economic Development Board

Cheng Wai San, Director and Head

Teo Xinyu, Manager

Ripply Cheong, Executive Officer

Slovak Republic

Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)

Peter Serina, Executive Director

Robert Kičina, Member of the Board

Slovenia

Institute for Economic Research

Damjan Kavaš, Director

Sonja Uršič, Senior Research Assistant

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics

Mateja Drnovšek, Full Professor

South Africa

Business Unity South Africa

Tyson Thamsanqa Sibanda, Economic Policy Manager

Lunga Maloyi, Economic Policy Executive Director

Khulekani Mathe, Chief Executive Officer

Spain

IESE Business School

Pascual Berrone, Professor, Director of the International Center for Competitiveness

María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate

Sri Lanka

Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS)

Kithmina Hewage, Research Economist

Tharindu Udayanga, Research Assistant

Switzerland

University of St Gallen, Center for Financial Services Innovation

Tobias Trütsch, Managing Director

Tanzania

REPOA

Donald Mmari, Executive Director

Lucas Katera, Director of Collaborations and Capacity Building

Cornel Jahari, Researcher and Field Manager

Thailand

Chulalongkorn University

Wilert Puriwat, President

Kanyarat (Lek) Sanoran Assistant to the President

Tunisia

Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises

Majdi Hassen, Executive Director

Hager KARAA, Head of Studies Department

Türkiye

TÜSIAD, Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum (REF)

Esra Durceylan Kaygusuz, Director

Kübra Atik, Doctoral Student

Ukraine

CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research

Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director

Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist

Oksana Kuziakiv, Senior Adviser

United Arab Emirates

Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre

Hanan Ahli, Managing Director of Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre

Department of Economic Development, Abu Dhabi

Hamad Sayah Al Mazrouei, Undersecretary of Department of Economic Development, Abu Dhabi

Uruguay

Universidad ORT Uruguay

Isidoro Hodara, Professor

Bruno Gili, Professor

Federico Monetti, Professor

Venezuela

Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion

Jennyn Osorio, Economics Affairs Manager

Jorge García, Business Intelligence Manager

Viet Nam

Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS)

Tran Hoang Ngan, Director

Trieu Thanh Son, Head of Research Management

Nguyen Manh Quan, Researcher

Yemen, Rep.

Yemeni Business Club (YBC)

Fathi Abdulwase Hayel Saeed, Chairman

Ghadeer Ahmed Almaqhafi, Executive Director

Safa Abdullah Alsayaghi, Projects Manager

Zambia

University of Zambia

Joseph Simbaya, Director

Chitalu Chama Chiliba, Assistant Director and Senior Research Fellow

Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow

Zimbabwe

National Competitiveness Commission

Phillip Phiri, Executive Director

Brighton Shayanewako, Director, Competitiveness

Douglas Muzimba, Chief Economist, International Competitiveness

Elizabeth Magwaza, Economist