MD, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT; PhD in Economics, MIT. Formerly, with Stanford University: Associate Professor of Economics; Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford Medical School; Practising Internist and Director, Program on Health Outcomes Research. Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research; Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute; Associate Editor, Journal of Health Economics; Co-Principal Investigator, Health and Retirement Study; 1998-99, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy; 2001-02, Member, President's Council of Economic Advisers and Senior Policy Director, Health Care; 2002-04, Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration.