1977, Higher Primary Teacher Course, Rubusoma Training College; 1983, Secondary Teacher's Certificate, Vista University, Port Elizabeth; BA in English and isiXhosa, Vista University; BA (Hons) in isiXhosa, Rhodes University; currently studying, Diploma in Economics, University of London. 1970-71, with Indestex Textile Company; 1971-72, Student Nurse, Livingstone Hospital; 1979-80, Teacher, Phakamisa High School; 1980-92, Teacher, Emfundweni Higher Primary; 1992-94, Teacher, Dower Teacher Primary College. 1976-77, political activist student politics, East London, SA; 1992-94, elected posts, ANC, ANCWL and ANC RWC; various positions, ANC; 1994-97, Portfolio Committee, Arts and Culture, Parliament; 1995, Chairperson, Select Committee, Child Care Facilities; 1994-99, Whip, ANC; 2003-04, Deputy-Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology, South Africa.