Degree in Economics, Bocconi University, Milan; postgraduate courses in monetary and international economics, Princeton University, USA. 1967-70, Banking Supervision Division, Bank of Italy, Milan Branch; 1970-73, Economist and 1973-75, Assistant to the Executive Director for Italy, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC; 1975-83, Head, International Division, Research Department, Bank of Italy; 1984-97, Head, Foreign Department, Bank of Italy; 1997-2003, Managing Director, International Affairs, Bank of Italy; 2003-06, Vice-President, Risk Management, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), London. 2006-13, Member of the Directorate (Governing Board) and Director-General, Bank of Italy. Since 2013, Minister of Economy and Finance of Italy. President and Member of the joint Governing Board, Insurance Supervisory Authority (IVASS) (from 1 January 2013 to 27 April 2013). Member of the Board of Directors, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Basle. Alternate to the Governor in the Governing Council, European Central Bank (ECB), Frankfurt.