1975, LLM (Hons), Faculty of Law and Administration, Warsaw University; 1981, LLD; 1993, Doctor Habilitatus; research experience in Holland and France. Formerly: Member, Academic Staff, Department of Comparative Administrative Law and National Economic Management, Institute of Legal and Administrative Science; since 1983, specialist in banking law; 1989, Expert Adviser on public and business law, Polish Sejm and Senate; 1991, author of a position paper for the National Bank and Member, Commission for the Codification of Banking Law. Since 1992, President, National Bank of Poland: 1998, re-appointed. 1980, Founder Member, NSZZ Solidarity trade union branch: 1989-92, Chairperson. Author of more than 40 academic publications. Co-Author of a textbook on administrative and business law. Recipient of numerous awards and honours, including: 1990, Silver Cross of Merit, Poland; 1997, Ecclesiae populoque servitium praestanti, Church of Poland.