1976, BA in Sociology, University of Jordan; 1980, MA in Sociology and Development, University of Essex, UK. 1978-80, responsible for the Kurdish Student Society in Europe; 1979, elected to the Kurdistan Democratic Party's Leadership Committee (Central Committee); 1980-88, participated in the Kurdish resistance campaign against the Iraqi regime; 1989, elected Member, Political Bureau, Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP); 1988-91, Chief Foreign Representative, KDP; 1992, Head, International Relations Bureau, KDP; since 1992, Member, first Kurdish National Assembly; 1997, principal negotiator in the Kurdish peace process; 1992, elected Member, Executive Council, Iraqi National Congress (INC) and 1999, Member, INC Leadership Council; 2002, Member, Iraqi Opposition Coordination and Follow-Up Committee. Since 2003, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq.