BA in Economics and Political Science, University of Toronto; MA and MPhil in Economics and Politics, Yale University. Held a number of senior positions in Canada's federal public service during the 1980s and early 1990s in both the Department of Finance and the Privy Council Office, including as Deputy Secretary to the Cabinet. 1993-99, with Canadian National Rail, including as Chief Financial Officer; 1999-2008, Chief Executive Officer, BCE and Bell Canada.