BA (Hons) in Economics, University of New Delhi; MA and MPhil in Economics, University of Oxford. 1968-79, Chief, Income Distribution Division, Development Research Centre. World Bank, Washington DC. With Government of India: 1979, Economic Adviser, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance; Special Secretary to Prime Minister, Secretary for Commerce; Finance Secretary, Ministry of Finance; 1998, Member, Planning Commission and Member, Economic Advisory Council to Prime Minister; 2001, Director, Independent Evaluation Office, International Monetary Fund; since 2004, current position. Author of numerous publications and articles including: Reforming the Global Financial Architecture (2000). Co-Author, Redistribution with Growth: An Approach to Policy (1975).