1948, BSc in Physics, Yale University; 1951, PhD in Physics, MIT. Visiting professor in USA, France, England and Switzerland. Member: National Academy of Sciences; Council on Foreign Relations; American Philosophical Society. Fellow: American Physical Society; American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Foreign Member: Royal Society of London; Pakistan Academy of Sciences; Indian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences. Former: Chairman, World Environment and Resources Committee; Director, JD & CT MacArthur Foundation; Laboratory Fellow, Los Alamos National Lab. Director, AeroVironment; Co-Founder and Member of the Board of Trustees, Santa Fe Institute. Recipient of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics.