Master's in Economics, Delhi School of Economics. Formerly: taught economics, St Stephen's College, Delhi Univ.; Special Asst to Union Commerce Ministers; Undersecretary and Deputy Secretary, Trade Policy Div., Ministry of Commerce; Minister, Economics and Commercial, Indian Embassy, Tokyo; Industry Secretary and Finance Secretary, Government of Bihar; Chairman, Bihar State Electricity Board; Joint Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, India; Joint Secretary, Additional Secretary, Dept of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance; Expenditure Secretary; Revenue Secretary, Ministry of Finance. 2001, Secretary to the Prime Minister of India; 2001-04, Member, Planning Commission, dealing with multilateral institutions. April 2008, elected Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, or Upper House. Member-Convenor, Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming & Climate Change. Member: Parliamentary Standing Cttee on HRD; Parliamentary Cttee on MP Local Area Development Scheme; Parliamentary Consultative Cttee on Finance. Former Chairman FRBM Review Committee by Ministry of Finance. Recipient, Order of Rising Sun – Gold and Silver from the Emperor of Japan (2016). Member on the Board: ICRIER, International Management Institute, Observer Research Foundation, ASPEN and Hindustan Times. Member of the Governing Board, Nalanda University. Chairperson, Endowments Committee, Nalanda University. Member: International High Speed Rail Assocaition, Japan; Global Advisory Board, Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings, Japan,