BA and MA, Korea University; PhD in Applied Economics, University of Missouri-Columbia, US. Since 2001, Professor, Department of North Korean Study, Korea University; since 2008, President, Institute for National Security Strategy. Director, Institute of North Koreanolgy, Korea University. Author of books and papers including: North Korean Food Shortage and Reform of Collective Farms (2006); Chronic Food Shortages and the Collective Farm System in North Korea (2007); Evaluation of the North Korean July 2002 Economic Reform (2007); Current Conditions at Industrial Complex and Future Tasks (2006); Serious Food Shortage of North Korea and Agricultural Cooperation between North and South Korea (2006).