1978, graduate, Ecole Polytechnique; 1981, graduate, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. 1980-81, Project Analyst, Caisse Centrale de Coopération Economique. Positions with French Institute of International Relations, Paris: 1981, Research Fellow, 1984, Senior Fellow, 1985, Assistant Director and since 1993, Deputy Director. 1989-2001, Associate Professor of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris. Professor of International Political Economy and Chairman, Department of Economics and Humanities, ENPC, Paris. Former Chief Editor, Politique Etrangère. Columnist, Option Finance. 1997-2006, Member, Prime Minister's Council of Economic Analysis. Member, Cercle des Economistes. Member of the Board: ENPC School of International Management; Institut de la Gestion Déléguée; IDDRI. Member, Société d'Economie Politique. Author of numerous publications.