1962, degree in Economics, University of London; 1966, MA in Economics, University of Sussex. Early 1960s, ANC underground; organized students and youth in the May stay-at-home in protest against the creation of the Republic. 1961, Secretary, African Students' Association. 1966, mobilized the international student community to take a stand against apartheid. 1967-70, ANC office, London; 1970, Assistant Secretary, Revolutionary Council of the ANC, Lusaka; 1975, appointed to the ANC National Executive Committee; 1975-76, Acting ANC representative, Swaziland; 1976-78, ANC representative in Nigeria. 1978, Political Secretary, Office of the President, ANC, then Director for Information and Secretary for Presidential Affairs. ANC's Political and Military Council. Former Head, International Affairs, ANC. 1993-May 1994, Chairman, African National Congress. 1994, Deputy President; 1999-2008, President of South Africa.