Doctor of Social Sciences (Econ.), University of Helsinki; studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Has worked on a wide variety of policy issues related to financial crises, globalization, ageing, EU affairs and the Nordic economies. Former: various positions, Bank of Finland; Economist, OECD's Economics Department; Managing Director, Pellervo Economic Research Institute; State Undersecretary, Finnish Prime Minister's Office; Adviser to Olli Rehn, EU Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs. Since March 2012, Managing Director, Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, ETLA.