BA in Economics, Cairo University; 1981, PhD in Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1981-86, Senior Economist, International Monetary Fund; seven years as Economic Adviser to Prime Minister and Governor of Central Bank of Egypt; 1991-93, Member of the Board, National Bank of Egypt; Director, Center for Economic Analysis, Council of Ministers; 1993-95, Minister of State for International Cooperation and Minister of State, Council of Ministers; 1996-97, Minister of State for Economic Affairs; 1997-99, Minister of Economy; 1999, Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade; 2001, Minister of Foreign Trade, Since 2004, Minister of Finance. Former Associate Professor of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University; lectured in economics, American University in Cairo and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Author of 22 papers and books on theoretical and development issues in economics.