Critical minerals sit at the intersection of energy technology, industrial competitiveness and economic resilience. Demand is rising this decade, yet investment and capacity remain uneven. The constraint is not geological availability or capital but bankability. This paper proposes a de-risking framework of policy interventions to provide the risk allocation, revenue certainty and delivery confidence required by mainstream private finance.

While they share barriers to bankability with other capital-intensive sectors, critical minerals introduce three additional frictions. They are not a single market so pricing transparency, liquidity and contracting norms vary significantly; concentration at key processing and refining steps can shape offtake terms and increase perceived market-access risk; and qualification cycles and buyer specifications can delay revenue visibility.

To deliver diversified, resilient supply, strategies must be designed to make projects financeable at the specific market and stage where capital currently stalls. So this report maps policy interventions to three dimensions: mineral market structure, jurisdiction risk profile and project stage. The aim is to deploy public instruments where they can most effectively crowd in other capital sources, stepping down support as risks decline and projects mature.