Appendix C

This section complements the data tables by providing full descriptions and sources of all of the indicators used for the calculations in the Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021 (TTDI).

The number of the indicator corresponds to the number on the data table that shows the ranks and scores for all countries/economies on this particular indicator. The data used in this publication includes data derived from the Executive Opinion Survey as well as statistical data from other organizations. In the case of indicators derived from the Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey), the full question and associated answers are provided. For more details on Survey indicators, please email partner.institutes@weforum.org. Moreover, you can find information on Partner Institutes that carried out the survey in Appendix E.

For indicators sourced from other organizations or national sources, because of space limitations it is not possible to reproduce in this publication all of the additional information associated with specific data points. The data used in the computation of the TTDI 2021 represents the most recent and/or best data available at the time when it was collected. It is possible that data was updated or revised subsequently. Throughout the statistical tables in this publication, “n/a” denotes that the value is not available.

1.01 Property rights

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are property rights, including financial assets, protected?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.02 Impact of rules on FDI

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how restrictive are rules and regulations on foreign direct investment (FDI)?” [1 = Extremely restrictive; 7 = Not restrictive at all] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.03 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient are the legal and judicial systems for companies in settling disputes?” [1 = Extremely inefficient; 7 = Extremely efficient] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.04 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging actions

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how easy is it for private businesses and citizens to challenge government actions through the legal system?” [1 = Extremely difficult; 7 = Extremely easy] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.05 Burden of government regulation

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how easy is it for companies to comply with government regulation and administrative requirements (e.g. permits, reporting, legislation)?” [1 = Extremely complex; 7 = Extremely easy] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.06 Government ensuring policy stability

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.07 Ease of complying to tax system

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are taxes easy to comply with?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.08 SME access to finance

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access the finance they need for their business operations through the financial sector?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.09 Corruption Perceptions Index

On a scale of 0 to 100, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public-sector corruption, according to experts and business people. | 2020

The CPI is calculated using 13 data sources from 12 institutions that capture perceptions of corruption within the past two years. For a country or territory to be included in the CPI, a minimum of three sources must assess that country. A country’s CPI score is then calculated as the average of all standardized scores available for that country. Scores are rounded to whole numbers. For more information on the methodology, please visit: https:// www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl.

Source: Transparency International, 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index

2.01 Business costs of crime and violence

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do the following impose costs on businesses: Incidence of crime and violence?” [1 = To a great extent – imposes huge costs; 7 = Not at all – imposes no costs] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

2.02 Reliability of police services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can police services be relied on to efficiently enforce law and order?” [1 = Not at all;
7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

2.03 Safety walking alone at night

Legatum Prosperity Index 2021 score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live? | 2021

Source: 2021 Legatum Prosperity Index

2.04 Homicide rate

Number of homicide cases per 100,000 population | 2018 or most recent

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) collects statistics on homicide occurrences worldwide, pooling information from national sources as well as other international institutions such as Interpol, Eurostat, the Organization of American States, UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

2.05 Global Terrorism Index

A composite measure of the impact of terrorism, on a scale of 0–10 | 2019

The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) scores each country on a scale of 0–10, where 0 represents no impact from terrorism and 10 represents the highest measurable impact of terrorism. The factors used are the total number of terrorist incidents in a given year, total number of fatalities caused by terrorists in a given year, total number of injuries caused by terrorists in a given year and a measure of the total property damage from terrorist incidents in a given year. Each of the factors is weighted between 0 and 3, and a five-year weighted average is applied in a bid to reflect the latent psychological effect of terrorist acts over time. Coverage for the 2020 edition of the index spans 2015–2019. For more information, please visit: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/global-terrorism-index/#/.

Source: Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Terrorism Index 2020: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism

2.06 Organized violence, deaths

Number of organized violence, deaths per 100,000 population | 2016 through 2020 moving average

A measure of deaths from state-based armed conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence. The categories are mutually exclusive and can be aggregated as “organized violence”. They also share the same intensity cut-off for inclusion – 25 fatalities in a calendar year. For more information, please see https://ucdp.uu.se/encyclopedia. The final figure is a World Economic Forum calculation of non-state deaths divided by total population.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.01 Physician density

Density per 1,000 population | 2019 or most recent

This indicator measures the number of physicians in the country per 1,000 population. Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository

3.02 Use of basic sanitation

People using at least basic sanitation services as a percentage of total population | 2020 or most recent

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services – that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. This indicator encompasses both people using basic sanitation services and those using safely managed sanitation services. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.03 Use of basic drinking water

People using at least basic drinking water services as a percentage of total population | 2020 or most recent

The percentage of people using at least basic water services. This indicator encompasses both people using basic water services and those using safely managed water services. Basic drinking water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs and packaged or delivered water.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.04 Hospital beds density

Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population | 2019 or most recent

Hospital beds includes inpatient beds available in public, private, general and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centres. In most cases, beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.05 Accessibility of healthcare services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do all members of the population have sufficient access to the following safety nets and services: Physical healthcare?” [1 = Not at all – service is difficult to access or only available to some people; 7 = To a great extent – service is easy to access to everyone] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

3.06 Communicable disease incidence

Select communicable disease incidence rate per 100,000 population | 2019

The incidence rate represents the number of people with a condition within a given period – the affected population – in relation to the total population
within which these cases have arisen (in the same period) – the target population. Communicable diseases covered by this indicator include HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, lower respiratory infections and tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases, malaria and other infectious diseases. Enteric infections and upper respiratory infections are excluded.

Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease Results Tool

4.01 Mean years of schooling

Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older | 2019 or most recent

Data is converted from education attainment levels using the official durations of each level.

Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

4.02 Secondary education enrollment rate

Gross secondary education enrolment rate | 2021 or most recent

The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total secondary enrolment (regardless of age) to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the secondary education level. Secondary education (ISCED levels 2 and 3) completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level and aims to lay the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skills-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics; Euromonitor International 2021

4.03 Extent of staff training

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.04 Education system’s ability to meet needs

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well does the education system meet the needs of a competitive economy?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.05 Hiring and firing practices

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do regulations allow flexible hiring and firing of workers?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.06 Ease of finding skilled employees in local labour market

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can companies find people with
the skills required to fill their vacancies in the local labour market?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.07 Flexible working arrangements

Response to the survey question: In your country, to what extent do companies offer flexible working arrangements such as remote and part-time work?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.08 Labour productivity in hotels and restaurants

Sector output (gross value added) divided by employed population in constant 2020 PPP $| 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

This indicator category corresponds to division H of the International Standard Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev 3.1), and includes: hotels and restaurants.

Source: Euromonitor International, 2021

4.09 Labour productivity in transport, storage and communications

Sector output (gross value added) divided by employed population in constant 2020 PPP $| 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

This indicator category corresponds to division I of the International Standard Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev 3.1) and includes: land transport; transport via pipelines; water transport; air transport; supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies; post and telecommunications.

Source: Euromonitor International, 2021

5.01 Individuals using the internet

Percentage of individuals using the internet | 2020 or most recent

Internet users refers to people using the internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the past 12 months. Data is based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of internet subscriptions.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2021, July 2021

5.02 Broadband internet subscribers

Fixed broadband internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2020 or most recent

This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband internet subscriptions (that is, subscriptions to high-speed access to the public internet – a TCP/IP connection – at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s).

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2021, July 2021

5.03 Mobile broadband subscribers

Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2020 or most recent

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2021, July 2021

5.04 3G mobile network coverage

Percentage of total population covered by at least a 3G mobile network signal | 2020 or most recent

Percentage of the population covered by at least
a 3G mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants who are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2021, July 2021

5.05 Use of digital platform for providing financial services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Financial?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task- based work. | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.06 Use of digital platforms for providing transportation and shipping

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Transportation and shipping?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task-based work. | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.07 Use of digital platform for providing hotels, restaurants and leisure activities services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Hotels, restaurants and leisure activities?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task-based work. | 2020-2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.08 Power losses

Electric power transmission and distribution losses as a percentage of domestic supply | 2019

“Electric power transmission and distribution losses” are losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage.

Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Data Center

6.01 T&T government expenditure

Travel and tourism government expenditure as a percentage of total government budget | 2020

This indicator includes expenditures (transfers or subsidies) made by government agencies to provide T&T services such as cultural (e.g. art museums), recreational (e.g. national parks), clearance (e.g. immigration/customs) and so on to visitors.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2021 (received via direct communication)

6.02 Comprehensiveness of T&T data

Number of data available (0 = no data, 120 = all selected indicators are available) | 2014–2017

This indicator shows how much of the yearly data provided by national administrations on 30 different concepts from the UNWTO Compendium of Tourism Statistics is available. It covers 2014 through to 2017. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 120, where 120 can be obtained by a country providing data for all 30 concepts in all of the four years taken into consideration.

Source: World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Database, latest available data, UNWTO, Madrid (received via direct communication)

6.03 Timeliness of T&T data

Number of latest data available (0 = no data,
22.5 = data reported for all the periods considered) | 2019–2020

This indicator shows the availability of two principal T&T indicators (international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts) on a monthly or quarterly
basis, covering the period from October 2019 to December 2020. The UNWTO has calculated the score of each country based on the data included in the latest available UNWTO World Tourism Barometer by adding the number of months for which data on the international tourist arrivals is available to the number of months for which data on international tourism receipts is available. Half weight has been applied to the lower of the two scores, so the scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 22.5 (the maximum number of period counts a country can get is 14 for one measure and 7 for the other).

Source: World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Database, latest available data, UNWTO, Madrid (received via direct communication)

6.04 Country Brand Strategy rating

This indicator evaluates the accuracy of a National Tourism Organization’s (NTO) Country Brand Strategy | 2018, 2020 moving average

This indicator measures the country branding accuracy by means of a formula that compares the most popular brandtags (as measured by our Digital Demand – D2 © software) for a specific country to the brandtags most heavily promoted by that country’s NTO. A country receives a higher rating if the respective NTO focuses its promotion on the most strategic tourism-related brandtags with the highest demand. A poor rating can suggest either the inappropriate promotion of the least popular brandtags (as measured by online search volume) by an NTO or the lack of focus on the brandtags in highest demand. Please note that exceptions may apply in the case of a country that has recently begun a new Country Brand Strategy for tourism to highlight lesser-known brandtags in the hope of finding new markets. In this case, a lower rating simply implies that the result of this new strategic positioning has yet to make its impact.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 – Digital Demand © data

6.05 T&T capital investment

Travel and tourism capital investment as a percentage of total capital investment | 2020

This indicator includes government-sector investment expenditures (e.g. equipment, land, buildings, infrastructure) and private-sector investment expenditures (e.g. hotels, convention centres, aircraft, taxis).

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2021 (received via direct communication)

7.01 Visa requirements

Visa requirements for entry in the destination country for a tourism visit of a limited duration from worldwide source markets (100 = no visa required for visitors from all source markets, 0 = traditional visa required for visitors from every source market) | 2018

This indicator measures to what extent a destination country is facilitating inbound tourism through its visa policy, distinguishing between whether the country can be visited without a visa, a visa can be obtained on arrival or an electronic visa is available. It is calculated as a percentage of the world population that is exempt from a visa or is eligible for a visa on arrival or an electronic visa when visiting the destination country, where: 1) the population of source markets that can visit the destination country without a visa is fully counted (i.e. weight 1); 2) the population of source markets that can obtain a visa on arrival when entering the destination country is weighted by 0.7; and 3) the population of source markets that can use an electronic visa is weighted by 0.5. The indicator is consistent with the UNWTO Visa Openness Report 2015, which can be downloaded from: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284417384.

Source: World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Database, latest available data, UNWTO, Madrid (received via direct communication)

7.02 Number of bilateral air service agreements

Number of bilateral air service agreements weighted by level of liberalization | 2021

This indicator measures the number of air service agreements (ASAs) to which an economy is party, weighted by level of liberalization. Traditional agreements receive a weight of 0.5, transitional agreements receive 0.75 and fully liberalized agreements receive 1.0. Please note that all European Union member states are treated as if they have fully liberalized agreement with fellow members, with bilateral agreements between European Union member states not counted. The same methodology goes for economies covered by the European Common Aviation Area, the Euro-Mediterranean Aviation Agreement, the EU- US Open Skies Agreement and the EU-Canada Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement. Data and classification come from ICAO’s WASA database, which can be accessed at: https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Pages/WASA.aspx.

Source: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), WASA Database (received via direct communication)

7.03 Number of regional trade agreements in force

Number of goods (RTAs) and services (EIAs) notifications | 2021

This indicator assesses the level of openness of a country to foreign goods and services as measured by the sum of the number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) and the number of Economic Integration Agreements (EIA) in force with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Members entering into RTAs are required to notify them to the WTO, either under Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 or the Enabling Clause (for RTAs covering trade in goods), or under Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (for RTAs covering trade in services). In the case of an RTA covering both goods and services, two notifications are required. The notification should be made following ratification of the RTA and before the application of preferential treatment between the parties.

Source: World Trade Organization; Regional Trade Agreements Information System (RTA-IS) available at http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx

7.04 Degree of financial openness

This indicator is represented by the Chinn-Ito Index, which measures a country’s degree of capital account openness | 2019

The Chinn-Ito index (KAOPEN) measures a country’s degree of capital account openness. The index was initially introduced in Chinn and Ito (Journal of Development Economics, 2006). KAOPEN is based on the binary dummy variables that codify the tabulation of restrictions on cross- border financial transactions reported in the

IMF’s Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (AREAER). For more information see: http://web.pdx.edu/~ito/Chinn- Ito_website.htm.

Source: Chinn, Menzie D. and Hiro Ito (2006), “What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions and Interactions”, Journal of Development Economics, Volume 81, Issue 1, pp. 163–192

8.01 Ticket taxes, airport charges

Index of relative cost of access (ticket taxes and airport charges) to international air transport services (0 = highest cost, 100 = lowest cost) | 2018 or most recent

This index measures the relative cost of access to international air transport services based on the level of airport charges, passenger ticket taxes and value-added taxation. It reflects the costs associated with a narrow-body and a wide-body passenger plane’s arrival and departure at the major international airports in each country. Charges include landing, terminal navigation and passenger and security charges as listed in the IATA Airport and Air Navigation Charges manual. Ticket taxes applicable to international travel were applied as described in the IATA List of Ticket and Airport Taxes and Fees manual. Per-passenger charges were calculated by applying a 75% load factor to a typical seating configuration of each type of aircraft. Value-added taxes (VAT) were calculated based on an average ticket price for each country, applied to half of the departing passengers, because the VAT is normally charged only on itineraries originating in the country concerned. A higher score indicates a lower level of charges and taxes.

Source: IATA, SRS Analyser

8.02 Hotel price index

Average room rates calculated for midscale to upper-upscale hotels for a calendar year ($) | 12-month average through July 2021

This index measures the average price, in dollars, of midscale to upper-upscale hotel accommodation in each country. The index is calculated by using the average room rate achieved by midscale to upper- upscale hotels in each country over a 12-month period from July 2020 through to July 2021 to mitigate the impact of any seasonality fluctuations. Data may refer to an earlier period where the 2018 update is not available.

Source: STR, a global hospitality data and analytics company

8.03 Purchasing power parity

Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to the official exchange rate | 2020 or most recent

The World Bank defines the purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as $1 would buy in the United States. The official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the US dollar). The variable shown is the PPP conversion factor to market exchange rate ratio as reported by the World Bank’s World Development Indicator database.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

8.04 Fuel price levels

Retail gasoline (petrol) prices expressed as US dollars per litre | 2021 or most recent

This indicator refers to annual average of the pump prices of octane-95 gasoline.

Source: Globalpertrolprices.com (received via direct communication); GIZ International Fuel Prices 2018/2019

8.05 Short-term rental price

Average daily rate for active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms | 12-month average ending in June 2021

Source: AirDNA (received via direct communication)

9.01 Efficiency of air transport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed and price) are the following transport services: Air transport services?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

9.02 Available seat kilometres

Domestic and international seat kilometres originating in country per week (year average) per population | 2020

This indicator measures an airline’s passenger- carrying capacity. It is composed of the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometres. The final value represents the weekly average for the year (Jan–Dec), taking into account flights scheduled beforehand by airline companies divided by country population.

Source: IATA, OAG data

9.03 Number of operating airlines

Number of airlines with scheduled passenger flights originating in country | 2020

Source: IATA, OAG data

9.04 Airport connectivity

This represents the IATA airport connectivity indicator, which measures the degree of integration of a country within the global air transport network | 2020

For each airport, the number of available seats
to each destination is weighted by the size of
the destination airport (in terms of number of passengers handled). The weighted totals are then totalled for all destinations, then for all airports in the country to produce a score. A log transformation is applied to the raw value before converting it to the 1-to-7 score.

Source: IATA, OAG data

Source: AirDNA (received via direct communication)

10.01 Quality of roads

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how is the quality (extensiveness and condition) of road infrastructure?” [1 = extremely poor – among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely good – among the best in the world] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.02 Road density

Kilometres of road per 100 square kilometres of land | 2020

Road density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total road network to the country’s land area. The road network includes all motorways, highways, main or national roads, secondary or regional roads, and all other roads.

Source: Euromonitor International, 2021; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

10.03 Efficiency of train services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Train services (if applicable)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.04 Railroad density

Kilometres of railroad per 100 square kilometres of land | 2019 or most recent

Railroad density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total railroad network to the country’s land area. Rail lines are the length of railway route available for train services, irrespective of the number of parallel tracks.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators; The World Factbook 2021, Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency

10.05 Efficiency of public transport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Public transport (e.g. buses, trains, subways, electric bikes and taxis)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.06 Adequate access to public transport

Response to the survey question: “In your
country, how far do all members of the population have sufficient access to the following: Public transportation?” [1 = Not at all –service is difficult to access or only available to some people; 7 = To a great extent – service is easy to access to everyone] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.07 Efficiency of seaport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Seaport services (ferries, boats)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

11.01 Hotel rooms density

Number of hotel rooms per 100 population | 2019 or most recent

Source: World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Database, latest available data, UNWTO, Madrid (received via direct communication); The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.02 Short-term rental listing density

Number of active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms per 10,000 people | 12-month average ending in June 2021

Source: AirDNA (received via direct communication); The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.03 Presence of major car rental companies

Presence of major car rental companies (0 = no company is present, 12 = all 12 considered companies are present) | 2021

This indicator measures the presence of 12 major car rental brands: Ace, Alamo, Avis, Budget, Enterprise, Europcar, Hertz, Localiza, National Car Rental, NÜ Car Rentals, Sixt and Thrifty. For each country we calculate how many of these companies operate via online research.

Source: Company websites

11.04 Automated teller machines density

Number of automatic teller machines divided by the number of adults (100,000) | 2019 or most recent

The total number of automatic teller machines divided by the number of adults (100,000)

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.05 Competitive tourism services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how competitive is the provision of the following services: Hotels, restaurants and leisure activities?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

12.01 Number of World Heritage natural sites

Number of World Heritage natural sites in the country | 2021

World Heritage natural sites are those properties that the World Heritage Committee considers to have outstanding universal value.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage List, available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&type=natural&order=country

12.02 Total known species

Number of animal, plant, fungus and chromista species in the country | 2021

This indicator measures the total number of animal, plant, fungus and chromist species assessed by the IUCN and listed on its Red List.

Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Red List

12.03 Total protected areas

Total square kilometres of terrestrial and marine areas under protection | 2021

Based on the IUCN, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected areas include nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks, natural monuments, habitat/species management, protected landscapes/seascapes and managed resource protected areas. The data undergoes a logarithmic transformation before being scaled 1 to 7. For more information on protected areas and associated methodology, please see: https:// www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=Methodology.

Source: UNEP-WCMC, World Database of Protected Areas (received through direct communication, September 2021)

12.04 Natural tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to the following nature-related brandtags: Beach Accommodation, Beaches, Gardens, Natural Wonders, Parks and Reserves, Camping, Golf Accommodation, Rural Accommodation, Ski Accommodation, Diving, Golf, Water Sports, Winter Sports, Adventure and Outdoor, Animal Watching, Boating, Fishing, Hunting and Hiking | 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 tool, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 15,721,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in 21 languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), German, Danish, Estonian, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 – Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

12.05 Number of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions

Number of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions | 2021

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) defines an ecoregion as a “large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions”. This includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecoregions.

Source: One Earth (accessed August 2021) and Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW) (accessed June 2021)

13.01 Number of World Heritage cultural sites

Number of World Heritage cultural sites in the country | 2021

World Heritage cultural sites are those properties that the World Heritage Committee considers to have outstanding universal value.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage List, available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&type=natural&order=country

13.02 Oral and intangible cultural heritage

Number of oral and intangible heritage practices and expressions | 2021

Intangible cultural heritage practices are those practices, representations, expressions, knowledge and skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, spread from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment and their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. The Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage annually evaluates nominations proposed by the States Parties to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and decide whether or not to inscribe those cultural practices and expressions of intangible heritage on the Convention’s Lists. For more details about the criteria for inscription, please visit: http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00174.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage List, available at https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists

13.03 Number of large sports stadiums

Total number of sports stadiums in a country with a capacity greater than 20,000 seats | 2021 or most recent

The count of stadiums with a capacity greater than 20,000 seats is a proxy for the ability of a country to host significant sports or entertainment events (e.g. concerts).

Source: Worldstadiums.com

13.04 Cultural and entertainment tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to the following culture- and entertainment-related brandtags: Gastro Activities, Restaurants, Local Gastronomy, Historical Sites, Museums, UNESCO, History, Local Dances, Local People and Tribes, Local Traditions, Traditional Markets, Religious Sites and Pilgrimage, Performing Arts, Urban Landmarks, Aquariums, Entertainment Parks, Gambling, Nightlife, Shopping, Special Events and Zoos.| 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 tool, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 18,308,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in 21 languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), German, Danish, Estonian, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 – Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

13.05 Number of UNESCO Creative Cities

Number of cities that are members of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network | 2020 or most recent

The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development. The 246 cities that currently make up this network work together towards a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level. The network covers seven creative fields: crafts and folk arts, media arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature and music.

Source: UNESCO Creative Cities Network for sustainable development 2020, available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000375210)

13.06 Adequate protection for tangible and intangible cultural heritage

Response to the survey question: “In your country to what extent is the cultural heritage adequately protected?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]
| 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

14.01 Presence of Forbes Global 2000 HQ locations

Three-year moving average of the ratio of the share of Forbes Global 2000 companies based in an economy to the economy’s share of global GDP | 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

Forbes Global 2000 is a list of the 2,000 largest public companies in the world based on sales, profits, assets and market value. Each year has a minimum cut-off value, with the 2021 list cut-off being sales of $4.6 billion, profits of $278.5 million, assets of $12.72 billion and market value of $8.3 billion. A company needs to qualify for at least one of the category lists to be eligible for the final Global 2000 ranking. For more information on the Global 2000 methodology, please visit: https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/#7d1c2b415ac0.

Source: Forbes, 2019–2021 Global 2000; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

14.02 Presence of global cities

The indicators measure the presence of cities ranked by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) | 2020

GaWC ranking results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services (accountancy, advertising, banking/finance and law) across 707 cities worldwide, creating a ranking of 394 cities. The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (e.g. enabling corporate globalization). The connectivity measures are used to classify cities into levels of world city network integration. Alpha-level cities are linked to major economic states and regions and into the world economy and are classified into four sections: Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha and Alpha − cities. Beta- level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections: Beta +, Beta and Beta − cities. Gamma-level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections: Gamma +, Gamma and Gamma − cities. Sufficiency-level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. This is sorted into High-Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, each country’s score is the sum of points of all the ranked cities based in the economy, with points determined by city classification. A logarithmic transformation is applied to final point values.

Source: Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network

14.03 Number of top of universities

Number of top 10,000 universities as ranked by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities | 2021

This indicator is the weighted average of all universities based on ranking tier. Universities ranked 1–100 receive full weight, 101–200 receive 5/6 weight, 201–500 receive 4/6 weight, 501–1,000 receive 3/6 weight, 1,001–5,000 receive 2/6 weight and 5,001–10,000 receive 1/6 weight. Institutions ranked 10,001 and above are not counted. Data undergoes a log transformation before being normalized. For more information on the ranking, please see: https://www.webometrics.info/en/ Methodology.

Source: Cybermetrics Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

14.04 Non-leisure tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to business tourism, study and health tourism brandtags: Business, Entrepreneurship, Exchange Programmes and Financial Aid, Degrees and Courses, Voluntary and Medical Tourism | 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 software, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 3,721,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in 21 languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), German, Danish, Estonian, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 – Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile
and desktop)

15.01 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita

Greenhouse gas emissions (including LUCF) per population as measured by tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent | 2018

Climate Watch Historical Emission data contains sector-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data for 194 countries and the European Union (EU) for the period 1990–2018, including emissions of the six major GHGs from most major sources and sinks. Non-CO2 emissions are expressed in CO2 equivalents using 100-year global warming potential values from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. For details regarding data source and methodology see: http://cait.wri.org/docs/CAIT2.0_CountryGHG Methods.pdf.

Source: Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions, 2021, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute

15.02 Renewable energy

The renewable energy share is the percentage of total final consumption that is derived from renewable resources | 2018

Renewable energy consumption includes consumption of energy derived from: hydro, solid biofuels, wind, solar, liquid biofuels, biogas, geothermal, marine and waste. Total final energy consumption is calculated from national balances and statistics as total final consumption minus non- energy use.

Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Global SDG Indicators Database

15.03 Global Climate Risk Index

This index indicates the level of exposure and vulnerability to more frequent and/or more severe climatic events for which countries should prepare | 2019

The index analyses to what extent countries have been affected by the impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heatwaves etc.). The score is a weighted average of an economy’s rank for four indicators: number of deaths, number of deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, sum of losses in $ in purchasing power parity and losses per unit of GDP. In the same order, the weights for these indicators are 1/6, 1/3, 1/6, 1/3. The original data has been adjusted, with the final value being an average of 2019 Global Climate Risk Index results and the average of 2000–2019 results. For more information on the Global Climate Risk Index methodology, please see: https://germanwatch.org/en/cri.

Source: Germanwatch, Global Climate Risk Index 2021

15.04 Investment in green energy and infrastructure

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent does the government fund and subsidize investment in green and sustainable energy and infrastructure (e.g. renewable energy, low-carbon public transport, infrastructure for electric cars)?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

15.05 Particulate matter (2.5) concentration

Population-weighted exposure to PM 2.5 (micrograms per cubic metre) | 2019

Fine-particle outdoor air pollution (PM 2.5) consists of airborne particles measuring less than 2.5 micrometres in aerodynamic diameter, most often produced as a result of combustion. PM 2.5 concentrations are measured in micrograms of particulate matter per cubic metre of air, or μg/m3. To estimate PM 2.5 exposures for people living in a specific area, scientists combine the number of people living within that area and the PM 2.5 concentration to which they are exposed. This method produces a population-weighted annual average concentration for a given country or region. Population-weighted annual average concentrations are better estimates of population exposures because they give proportionately greater weight to the air pollution experienced where most people live. For more information please visit: https://www.stateofglobalair.org/data/estimate-exposure.

Source: Health Effects Institute, 2020, State of Global Air 2020, Boston, MA

15.06 Baseline water stress

Baseline water stress measures the ratio of total water withdrawals to available renewable surface and groundwater supplies| 2019 or most recent

Water withdrawals include domestic, industrial, irrigation and livestock consumptive and non- consumptive uses. Available renewable water supplies include the impact of upstream consumptive water users and large dams on downstream water availability. Higher values indicate more competition among users.

Source: World Resources Institute, Aqueduct 3.0 Country Ranking available at: https://www.wri.org/data/aqueduct-30- country-rankings

15.07 Red List Index

The Red List Index measures changes in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species. | 2021

This indicator is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1, with 0 meaning all species have gone extinct and 1 meaning all species are classified as Least Concern (that is, not expected to become extinct in the near future).

Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Global SDG Indicators Database

15.08 Forest cover loss

Five-year moving average of annual tree cover loss to forest extent in 2000, in areas with greater or equal to 30% tree cover | 2016 through 2020 moving average

This indicator is calculated by taking the most recent five-year average of annual tree cover loss divided by forest extent in 2000. In this dataset, “tree cover” is defined as all vegetation greater than 5 metres in height, and may take the form
of natural forests or plantations across a range of canopy densities. “Loss” indicates the removal or mortality of tree cover and can be due to a variety of factors, including mechanical harvesting, fire, disease or storm damage. For more information refer to: https://data.globalforestwatch.org/documents/134f92e59f344549947a3eade9d807 83/explore.

Source: Global Forest Watch, available at: https://globalforestwatch.org/

15.09 Wastewater treatment

Percentage of wastewater that receives treatment weighted by connection to wastewater treatment rate | 2016

This indicator measures the percentage of wastewater that is treated before it is released back into ecosystems. The percentage of wastewater treated represents a measure of largely urban waste collection and treatment, since few rural areas are connected to sewage systems. The variable is calculated by weighting the average of the wastewater treatment rate values for the years 2000 through to 2012 by the sewerage connection percentages. The original values are collated using a hierarchy of sources, selected in the following order: 1) country-level statistical data and reports; 2) values derived from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) variable “Connected to wastewater treatment plan without treatment” by taking the inverse of this percentage; 3) the United Nations Statistics Division’s “Population connected to wastewater treatment” variable; 4) secondary treatment levels from the Pinsent Masons Water Yearbook, 14th edition, available at: http://wateryearbook.pinsentmasons.com/; and (5) FAO-AQUASTAT values (Total volume of wastewater treated/Total volume of wastewater collected) × 100 for a given year in a given country.

Source: Wendling, Z.A. et al., “2018 Environmental Performance Index”, Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, 2018

15.10 Clean ocean water

Ocean Health Index score for clean waters | 2020

This indicator measures the how free ocean regions are from eutrophication (nutrients), chemicals, pathogens and marine debris. For more information, please see: http://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/OHI-Science/ohi-global/ published/documents/methods/Supplement. html#65_clean_waters.

Source: 2020 Global Ocean Health Index

15.11 Number of environmental treaty ratifications

Total number of ratified environmental treaties | 2021

This indicator measures the total number of international treaties from a set of 29 for which a state is a participant. A state is acknowledged as
a participant whenever its status for each treaty appears as Ratified, Accession or In Force. The treaties included are: the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 1946 Washington DC; the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 Ramsar; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 Paris; the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 London, Mexico City, Moscow, Washington; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 Washington, DC; the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) as modified by the Protocol of 1978, London; the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 Bonn; the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Montego Bay; the Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 Vienna; the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987 Montreal; the Convention
on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989 Basel; the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 London; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 New York; the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 Rio de Janeiro; the International Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly Africa, 1994 Paris; the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, 1994 New York; the Agreement Relating to the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995 New York; the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change, 1997 Kyoto; the Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational

Uses of International Watercourses, 1997 New York; the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998 Rotterdam; the Cartagena Protocol of Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000 Montreal; the Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 London; the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001 Stockholm; the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2001 Rome; the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 2006 Geneva; the Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2010 Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur; the Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and their Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010 Nagoya; the Convention on Mercury, 2013 Minamata; and the Paris Agreement 2015.

Source: IUCN, Environmental Law Centre ELIS Treaty Database (received via direct communication)

15.12 Adequate protection for nature

Response to the survey question: “In your country to what extent is the environment and nature adequately protected?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

15.13 Oversight of production impact on the environment and nature

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies account for the impact of their local production process on the following: The environment and nature?” [1= No clear management process in place; 7= Clear management process and standards in place] | 2020-2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

15.14 Total protected areas coverage

Total square kilometres of terrestrial and marine areas under protection as a share of the country’s total area | 2021

Based on the IUCN, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected areas include nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks, natural monuments, habitat/species management, protected landscape/seascape and managed resource protected area. For more information on protected areas and associated methodology, please see: https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=Methodology.

Source: UNEP-WCMC, World Database of Protected Areas (received through direct communication, September 2021)

15.15 Average proportion of key biodiversity areas covered by protected areas

Average proportion of marine, freshwater and terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) covered by protected areas | 2020

Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are sites of global importance to the planet’s overall health and the persistence of biodiversity. For the purpose of this indicator, data is collected for the average proportion of KBAs covered by protected areas for marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. The final value is derived by weighting KBA protection figures for the three environments by their respective share of total country area.

Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Global SDG Indicators Database; UNEP-WCMC, World Database of Protected Areas (received through direct communication, September 2021)

16.01 Poverty rate

Proportion of people living below 50% of median income | 2019 or most recent

The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet). When poverty rates based on median income are unavailable, national poverty rates are used.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators online

16.02 Social protection basic coverage

Proportion of population covered by at least one social protection benefit | 2020 or most recent

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors. It also provides the coverage rates of the main components of social protection: child and maternity benefits, support for persons without a job, persons with disabilities, victims of work injuries and older persons.

Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT database

16.03 Social protection spending

Government expenditure on social security and welfare as a percentage of GDP | 2020

This indicator refers to all non-repayable payments by general government, whether capital or current, requited or not. General government expenditure on social security and welfare includes: sickness and disability, old age, survivors, family and children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion, R&D on social protection, social protection (not elsewhere classified).

Source: Euromonitor International, 2021; International Labour Organization, World Social Protection Report 2020–2022

16.04 Equal workforce opportunities

Average score across the four components of the following Executive Opinion Survey questions: “In your country, to what extent do companies give equal workforce opportunities to: a. Women; b. Those from a typically disadvantaged religious, ethnic or racial background; c. Those with disabilities; d. Those who identify as LGBTI?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

16.05 Workers’ rights

The ITUC Global Rights Index measures countries on a scale from 1–5+ based on the degree of respect for workers’ rights, with 1 being the best rating and 5+ the worst rating. | 2021

Violations are recorded each year from April to March. Each country is analysed against a list of 97 indicators derived from ILO conventions and jurisprudence and represents violations of workers’ rights in law and practice. Values correspond to the following conditions: 5+ means no guarantee of rights due to the breakdown of the rule of law; 5 means no guarantee of rights; 4 means systematic violations of rights; 3 means regular violations of rights; 2 means repeated violations of rights; and 1 means sporadic violations of rights. For more information on the methodology please visit: https://www.globalrightsindex.org/en/2021/methodology.

Source: International Trade Union Confederation, 2021 ITUC Global Rights Index

16.06 Gender Inequality Index

A composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market | 2019 or most recent

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development: reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by the labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. The GII is built on the same framework as the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) – to better expose differences in the distribution of achievements between women and men. It measures the human development costs of gender inequality. Thus, the higher the GII value the more disparities between women and men and the bigger loss to human development. See Technical note 4 at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the GII is calculated.

Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Pillar 17: T&T Demand Pressure and Impact

17.01 T&T GDP multiplier

Ratio of indirect and induced tourism gross domestic product to direct travel and tourism gross domestic product contribution | 2020

Direct contribution reflects internal travel and tourism spending, which includes resident and non-resident spending on industry services. Total contribution reflects the wider sector impact on an economy, such as spending on supply-chain goods and consumer spending of sector and supplier employees.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2021 (received via direct communication)

17.02 Inbound length of stay

Length of stay refers to the number of days spent in the destination country | 2018, 2019, 2020 moving average

Source: Euromonitor International, 2021

17.03 Seasonality of international tourist arrivals

Top three months’ share of total yearly international tourist arrivals | 2018, 2019 moving average

Source: World Tourism Organization, UNWTO Database, latest available data, UNWTO, Madrid (received via direct communication)

17.04 Concentration of interest in cultural attractions

Share of an economy’s total page views that its top 10% of viewed cultural attractions received on Tripadvisor | 2019, 2020, 2021 moving average

This indicator acts as a proxy for potential overcrowding at attractions. Cultural attractions include churches/cathedrals, religious sites, historic walking areas, ancient ruins, educational sites, military bases/facilities, missions, libraries, civic centres, mines, castles, government buildings, historic sites, cemeteries, reservations, battlefields, scenic/historic walking areas, neighbourhoods and ghost towns. Economies that have 10 or fewer attractions are excluded.

Source: Tripadvisor (received via direct communication)

17.05 Concentration of interest in nature attractions

Share of an economy’s total page views that its top 10% of viewed nature attractions received on Tripadvisor | 2019, 2020, 2021 moving average

This indicator acts as a proxy for potential overcrowding at attractions. Nature and park attractions include nature/wildlife areas, islands, beaches, playgrounds, national parks, forests, dams, biking trails, waterfalls, off-road/all-terrain vehicle trails, hot springs/geysers, geologic formations, motorcycle trails, state parks, equestrian trails, volcanos, bodies of water, parks, caverns/caves, gardens, valleys, mountains, zoos, ski/snowboard areas, canyons, reefs, hiking trails, marinas, aquariums, deserts, other nature and parks. Economies that have 10 or fewer attractions are excluded.

Source: Tripadvisor (received via direct communication)

17.06 Geographically dispersed tourism

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are foreign visitors (tourists and business travellers) dispersed throughout the country?” [1 = Visitors are heavily concentrated in a few destinations; 7 = Visitors are equally distributed throughout the country] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

17.07 Quality of town and city centres

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how would you characterize town and city centres?” [1 = Centres are overcrowded and/or accessible only to some members of the public; 7 = Centres are widely accessible and pleasant to be in] | 2020–2021 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey