Appendix B: Data definitions and sources

This section complements the data tables by providing full descriptions and sources of all of the indicators used for the calculations in the Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI) 2024.

The data used in this publication includes data derived from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey as well as statistical data from other organizations. In the case of indicators derived from the Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey), the full question and associated answers are provided. For more details on Survey indicators, please email partner.institutes@weforum.org. Moreover, you can find information on Partner Institutes that carried out the survey in Appendix D.

For indicators sourced from other organizations or national sources, because of space limitations it is not possible to reproduce in this publication all of the additional information associated with specific data points. The data used in the computation of the TTDI 2024 represents the most recent and/or best data available at the time when it was collected. It is possible that data has subsequently been updated or revised.

1.01 Rule of Law

Score for index assessing rule of law conditions based on property rights, judicial effectiveness and government integrity | 2023

The rule of law dimension of the Index of Economic Freedom is a mean of the property rights, judicial effectiveness and government integrity components. The property rights component is derived by averaging scores for equally weighted subfactors: risk of expropriation, respect for intellectual property rights, and quality of contract enforcement, property rights and law enforcement. The score for the judicial effectiveness component is derived by averaging scores for equally weighted subfactors: judicial independence; quality of the judicial process; and perceptions of the quality of public services and the independence of the civil service. The score for the government integrity component is derived by averaging scores for equally weighted subfactors: perception of corruption, bribery risk, and control of corruption including “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. For information on the methodology of the Index of Economic Freedom, please visit: https://www.heritage.org/index.

Source: The Heritage Foundation, 2023 Index of Economic Freedom

1.02 Burden of government regulation

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how easy is it for companies to comply with government regulation and administrative requirements (e.g. permits, reporting, legislation)?” [1 = Extremely complex; 7 = Extremely easy] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.03 Government ensuring political stability

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent does the government ensure a stable policy environment for doing business?”
[1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

1.04 Country credit rating

Average of scores across the rating of the four top rating agencies (S&P, Moody’s, Fitch and DBRS) | 2023

Scoring the creditworthiness of a country between 100 (riskless) and 0 (likely to default), assigned according to Trading Economics’ methodology and based on Standard & Poor, Moody’s and DBRS sovereign debt credit rating. For information on the methodology, please visit: https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating.

Source: Trading Economics

1.05 De-jure financial globalization

Composite index that measures “de jure” financial globalization by considering investment restriction, capital accounts openness and international investment agreements | 2021

The index is part of the KOF Globalisation Index and consists of: 1) investment restriction as measured by the prevalence of foreign ownership and regulations to international capital flow; 2) capital account openness as measured by the Chinn-Ito Index of capital account openness; and 3) international investment agreements as measured by the number of bilateral investment agreements (BITs) and treaties with investment provisions. For information on the methodology, please visit: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html.

Source: KOF Swiss Economic Institute, KOF Globalisation Index 2023

1.06 De-jure trade globalization

Composite index that measures “de jure” trade globalization by considering trade regulations, trade taxes, tariffs and trade agreements | 2021

The index is part of the KOF Globalisation Index and consists of: 1) trade regulations as measured by the average of two subcomponents: prevalence of non-tariff trade barriers and compliance costs of importing and exporting; 2) trade taxes as measured by income from taxes on international trade as percentage of revenue (inverted); 3) tariffs as measured by the unweighted mean of tariff rates; and 4) trade agreements as measured by the number of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements. For information on the methodology, please visit: https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html.

Source: KOF Swiss Economic Institute, KOF Globalisation Index 2023

1.07 SME access to finance

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access the finance they need for their business operations through the financial sector?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

2.01 Confidence in local police

Legatum Prosperity Index score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: “Do you have confidence in the local police force?” | 2023

Source: 2023 Legatum Prosperity Index

2.02 Safety walking alone at night

Legatum Prosperity Index score based on percentage of people who responded “Yes” to the Gallup question: Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live? | 2023

Source: 2023 Legatum Prosperity Index

2.03 Homicide rate

Number of homicide cases per 100,000 population | 2021 or most recent

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) collects statistics on homicide occurrences worldwide, pooling information from national sources as well as other international institutions such as Interpol, Eurostat, the Organization of American States, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

2.04 Global Terrorism Index

A composite measure of the impact of terrorism, on a scale of 0–10 | 2022

The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) scores each country on a scale of 0–10, where 0 represents no impact from terrorism and 10 represents the highest measurable impact of terrorism. The factors used are the total number of terrorist incidents in a given year, total number of fatalities caused by terrorists in a given year, total number of injuries caused by terrorists in a given year and the total number of hostages caused by terrorists in a given year. Each of the factors is weighted between 0 and 3, and a five-year weighted average is applied in a bid to reflect the latent psychological effect of terrorist acts over time. Coverage for the 2023 edition of the index spans 2018–2022. For more information, please visit: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/global-terrorism-index/#/.

Source: Institute for Economics & Peace, Global Terrorism Index 2023: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism

2.05 Organized violence, deaths

Number of organized violent incidents, deaths per 100,000 population | 2018 through 2022 moving average

A measure of deaths from state-based armed conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence. The categories are mutually exclusive and can be aggregated as “organized violence”. They also share the same intensity cut-off for inclusion – 25 fatalities in a calendar year. For more information, please see https://ucdp.uu.se/encyclopedia. The final figure is a World Economic Forum calculation of non-state deaths divided by total population.

Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.01 Physician density

Physician density per 1,000 population | 2021

This indicator measures the number of physicians in the country per 1,000 population. Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners.

Source: World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory

3.02 Use of basic sanitation

People using at least basic sanitation services as a percentage of total population | 2022

The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services – that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. This indicator encompasses both people using basic sanitation services and those using safely managed sanitation services. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines and ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.

Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme

3.03 Use of basic drinking water

People using at least basic drinking water services as a percentage of total population | 2022

The percentage of people using at least basic water services. This indicator encompasses both people using basic water services and those using safely managed water services. Basic drinking water services are defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs and packaged or delivered water.

Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme

3.04 Hospital beds density

Number of hospital beds per 10,000 population | 2019

Hospital beds includes inpatient beds available in public, private, general and specialized hospitals and rehabilitation centres. In most cases, beds for both acute and chronic care are included.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

3.05 Communicable disease incidence

Select communicable disease incidence rate per 100,000 population | 2019

The incidence rate represents the number of people with a condition within a given period – the affected population – in relation to the total population within which these cases have arisen (in the same period) – the target population. Communicable diseases covered by this indicator include HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, lower respiratory infections and tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases, malaria and other infectious diseases. Enteric infections and upper respiratory infections are excluded.

Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Global Burden of Disease Results Tool

Qualification of the Labour Force subpillar

4.01 Labour force with intermediate education

Share of labour force that has at least an intermediate education | 2022

Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).

Source: International Labour Organization

4.02 Labour force with advanced education

Share of labour force that has an advanced education | 2022

Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).

Source: International Labour Organization

4.03 Quality of secondary education

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well does secondary non-vocational education meet the needs of a competitive economy?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.04 Quality of tertiary education

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how well do parts of the education system meet the needs of a competitive economy: Tertiary education?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

Labour Market Dynamics subpillar

4.05 Hiring and firing practices

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do regulations allow flexible hiring and firing of workers?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.06 Ease of finding skilled employees in local labour market

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent can companies find people with the skills required to fill their vacancies: In the local labour market?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.07 Flexible working arrangements

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies offer flexible working arrangements such as remote and part-time work?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.08 Labour force participation

Proportion of the population aged 15 and older that is economically active | 2022

Labour force participation rate is the proportion of the population aged 15 and older that is economically active: that is, all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Labour Market Resilience and Equality subpillar

4.09 Equal workforce opportunities

Average score across the four components of the following Executive Opinion Survey question: “In your country, to what extent do companies give equal workforce opportunities to: a. Women; b. All ethnic or racial backgrounds; c. Those with disabilities; d. Those who identify as LGBTQI+?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

4.10 Workers’ rights

The ITUC Global Rights Index measures countries on a scale from 1–5+ based on the degree of respect for workers’ rights, with 1 being the best rating and 5+ the worst rating | 2023

Each country is analysed against a list of 97 indicators derived from ILO conventions and jurisprudence and represents violations of workers’ rights in law and practice. Values correspond to the following conditions: 5+ means no guarantee of rights due to the breakdown of the rule of law, 5 means no guarantee of rights, 4 means systematic violations of rights, 3 means regular violations of rights, 2 means repeated violations of rights and 1 means sporadic violations of rights. For more information on the methodology, please visit: https://www.globalrightsindex.org/en/2023/methodology.

Source: International Trade Union Confederation, 2023 ITUC Global Rights Index

4.11 Female labour force participation

Ratio of female to male labour force participation rate | 2022

Labour force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: it covers all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period. The ratio of female to male labour force participation rate is calculated by dividing the female labour force participation rate by the male labour force participation rate and multiplying by 100.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators

4.12 Social protection basic coverage

Proportion of population covered by at least one social protection benefit | 2020

This indicator conveys the share of the population effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors. It also provides the coverage rates of the main components of social protection: child and maternity benefits, support for people without a job, people with disabilities, victims of work injuries and older people.

Source: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database

4.13 Social protection spending

Government expenditure on social security and welfare as a percentage of GDP | 2022

This indicator refers to all non-repayable payments by general government, whether capital or current, requited or not. General government expenditure on social security and welfare includes: sickness and disability, old age, survivors, family and children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion, R&D on social protection, social protection n.e.c.

Source: Euromonitor International

5.01 Individuals using internet

Percentage of individuals using the internet | 2021

Internet users refers to people using the internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the past 12 months. Data is based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of internet subscriptions.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.02 Broadband internet subscribers

Fixed broadband internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2022

This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband internet subscriptions (that is, subscriptions to high-speed access to the public internet – a TCP/IP connection – at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s).

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.03 Mobile broadband subscribers

Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2022

Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.04 3G mobile network coverage

Percentage of total population covered by at least a 3G mobile network signal | 2022

Percentage of the population covered by at least a 3G mobile network refers to the percentage of inhabitants who are within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants that are covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total population and multiplying by 100.

Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators

5.05 Use of digital payments

Share of population 15 or older who made
or received a digital payment | 2021

Digital payment includes the use of mobile money, a debit or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from an account, or the use of the internet to pay bills or to buy something online or in a store, or to pay bills or sent or receive remittances directly from or into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year. It also includes receiving payments for agricultural products, government transfers, wages or a public-sector pension into a financial institution account or through a mobile money account in the past year.

Source: The World Bank, Findex

5.06 Use of digital platforms for providing transportation and shipping

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Transportation and shipping?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task-based work.| 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.07 Use of digital platform for providing hotels, restaurants and leisure activities services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are digital platforms* used to provide the following service: Hotels, restaurants and leisure activities services?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] *Digital platforms refer to services and labour markets available through a digital interface, often focused on short-term contracts and task-based work. | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

5.08 Power losses

Electric power transmission and distribution losses as a percentage of domestic supply | 2021

“Electric power transmission and distribution losses” are losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in the distribution to consumers, including pilferage.

Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Data Center

6.01 T&T government expenditure

Travel and tourism government expenditure as a percentage of total government budget | 2022

This indicator includes expenditures (transfers or subsidies) made by government agencies to provide T&T services such as cultural (e.g. art museums), recreational (e.g. national parks), clearance (e.g. immigration/customs) and so on to visitors.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

6.02 Comprehensiveness of T&T data

Number of data available (0 = no data, 120 = all selected indicators are available) | 2018–2021

This indicator shows how much of the yearly data provided by national administrations on 30 different concepts from the UNWTO Compendium of Tourism Statistics is available. It covers 2018 through to 2021. The scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 120, where 120 can be obtained by a country providing data for all 30 concepts in all of the four years taken into consideration.

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

6.03 Timeliness of T&T data

Number of latest data available (0 = no data, 22.5 = data reported for all the periods considered) | 2021–2022

This indicator shows the availability of two key T&T indicators (international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts) on a monthly or quarterly basis, covering the period from October 2021 to December 2022. The UNWTO has calculated the score of each country based on the data included in the latest available UNWTO World Tourism Barometer by adding the number of months for which data on the international tourist arrivals is available to the number of months for which data on international tourism receipts is available. Half weight has been applied to the lower of the two scores, so the scores range from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 22.5 (the maximum number of period counts a country can get is 14 for one measure and 7 for the other).

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

6.04 Country Brand Strategy rating

This indicator evaluates the accuracy of a National Tourism Organization’s (NTO) Country Brand Strategy | 2020, 2023 moving average

The Country Brand Strategy (CBS ©) rating evaluates the accuracy of a National Tourism Organization (NTO)’s Country Brand strategy. It measures the Country Branding accuracy by means of a formula that compares the most popular brandtags (as measured by D2 Digital Demand © software) for a specific country to the brandtags most heavily promoted by that country’s NTO. A country receives a higher rating if the respective NTO focuses its promotion in the most strategic tourism-related brandtags with the highest demand. A poor rating can suggest either the inappropriate promotion of the least popular brandtags (as measured by online search volume) by an NTO or the lack of focus on the brandtags in highest demand.

NOTE: Exceptions may apply in the case of a country that has recently begun a new Country Brand Strategy for tourism to highlight lesser-known brandtags in the hope of finding new markets. In this case, a lower rating simply implies that the result of this new strategic positioning has yet to make its impact.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

7.01 Visa requirements

Visa requirements for entry in the destination country for a tourism visit of a limited duration from worldwide source markets (100 = no visa required for visitors from all source markets, 0 = traditional visa required for visitors from every source market) | 2023

This indicator measures to what extent a destination country is facilitating inbound tourism through its visa policy, distinguishing whether the country can be visited without a visa, a visa can be obtained on arrival or an electronic visa is available. It is calculated as a percentage of the world population that is exempt from a visa or is eligible for a visa on arrival or an electronic visa when visiting the destination country, where: 1) the population of source markets that can visit the destination country without a visa is fully counted (i.e. weight 1); 2) the population of source markets that can obtain a visa on arrival when entering the destination country is weighted by 0.7; and 3) the population of source markets that can use an electronic visa is weighted by 0.5. The indicator is consistent with the UNWTO Visa Openness Report 2015, which can be downloaded from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284417384.

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

7.02 Number of air service agreements

Number of air service agreements weighted by level of liberalization | 2023

This indicator measures the number of air service agreements (ASAs) to which an economy is party, weighted by level of liberalization. Traditional agreements receive a weight of 0.5, transitional agreements receive 0.75 and fully liberalized agreements receive 1.0. Please note that all European Union member states are treated as if they have a fully liberalized agreement with fellow members, with bilateral agreements between European Union member states not counted. The same methodology goes for economies covered by the European Common Aviation Area, the Euro-Mediterranean Aviation Agreement, the EU-US Open Skies Agreement, the EU-Canada Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement and the ASEAN Open Sky Agreement. Data and classification come from ICAO’s WASA database, which can be accessed at: https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Pages/WASA.aspx.

Source: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), WASA Database

7.03 Reputation for hospitality

Travelsat Hospitality Reputation Index | September 2022 to September 2023

The Travelsat Reputation Index for locals’ hospitality quantifies the sentiment polarity in online discussions about the friendliness and hospitality of local residents towards visitors, across various platforms such as media, blogs and social networks. It generates a score reflecting the overall positivity or negativity in these conversations, influenced by a wide range of factors including sustainability, economic, environmental and sociopolitical issues that can affect the perceived hospitality of a destination’s community.

Source: Travelsat, MMGY TCI Research

7.04 Passport mobility score

Score for visa-free access for a country’s passport to travel destinations as measured by the Henley Passport Index | 2023

For each travel destination, if no visa is required for passport holders from a country or territory, then a score with value = 1 is created for that passport. A score with value = 1 is also applied if passport holders can obtain a visa on arrival, a visitor’s permit or an electronic travel authority (ETA) when entering the destination. These types of visa require no pre-departure government approval because of the specific visa-waiver programmes in place.

Where a visa is required, or where a passport holder has to obtain a government-approved electronic visa (e-Visa) before departure, a score with value = 0 is assigned. A score with value = 0 is also assigned if passport holders need pre-departure government approval for a visa on arrival, a scenario that is not considered “visa-free”.

The total score for each passport is equal to the number of destinations for which no visa is required (value = 1), under the conditions defined above.

Source: Henley & Partners Holdings

8.01 Hotel price index

Average room rates calculated for midscale to upper upscale hotels (US$) | 12-month average through to July 2023

This index measures the average price, in US dollars, of midscale to upper-upscale hotel accommodation in each country. The index is calculated by using the average room rate achieved by midscale to upper-upscale hotels in each country over a 12-month period from July 2022 through July 2023, to mitigate the impact of any seasonality fluctuations.

Source: CoStar

8.02 Purchasing power parity

Ratio of purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor to the official exchange rate | 2021

The World Bank defines the purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor as the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a US dollar would buy in the United States. Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the US dollar). The variable shown is the PPP conversion factor to market exchange rate ratio as reported by the World Bank’s World Development Indicator database.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

8.03 Fuel price levels

Retail gasoline (petrol) prices expressed as US dollars per litre | 2021

This indicator refers to the annual average of pump prices of octane-95 gasoline (petrol).

Source: Globalpertrolprices.com

Average daily rate for active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms | 12-month average

9.01 Efficiency of air transport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed and price) are the following transport services: Air transport services?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

9.02 Available seat kilometres

Domestic and international seat kilometres originating in country per week (year average) per population | 2022

This indicator measures an airline’s passenger-carrying capacity. It is composed of the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometres. The final value represents the weekly average for the year (Jan–Dec), taking into account flights scheduled beforehand by airline companies divided by country population.

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA), OAG data; World Bank, World Development Indicators

9.03 Number of operating airlines

Number of airlines with scheduled passenger flights originating in the country | 2022

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA), OAG data

9.04 Airport connectivity

This represents the IATA airport connectivity indicator, which measures the degree of integration of a country within the global air transport network | 2022

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA), OAG data

10.01 Quality of roads

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how is the quality (extensiveness and condition) of road infrastructure?” [1 = Extremely poor – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely good – among the best in the world] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.02 Road density

Kilometres of road per 100 square kilometres of land | 2022

Road density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total road network to the country’s land area. The road network includes all motorways, highways and main or national roads, secondary
or regional roads, and all other roads.

Source: Euromonitor International

10.03 Efficiency of train services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Train services (if applicable)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.04 Railroad density

Kilometres of railroad per 100 square kilometres of land | 2022

Railroad density is the ratio of the length of the country’s total railroad network to the country’s land area. Rail lines are the length of railway route available for train service, irrespective of the number of parallel tracks.

Source: Euromonitor International

10.05 Efficiency of public transport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Public transport (e.g. buses, trains, subways, electric bikes and taxis)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

10.06 Efficiency of seaport services

Response to the survey question: “In your country, how efficient (in terms of frequency, punctuality, speed, price) are the following transport services: Seaport services (ferries, boats)?” [1 = Extremely inefficient – among the worst in the world; 7 = Extremely efficient – among the best in the world] | 2021–2022 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

11.01 Hotel rooms density

Number of hotel rooms per 100 population | 2021

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism); The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.02 Short-term rental listing density

Number of active properties on Airbnb and similar platforms per 10,000 people | 12-month average ending in June 2023

Source: AirDNA; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

11.03 Labour productivity in hotels and restaurants

Sector output (gross value added) divided by employed population in constant 2020 PPP $ | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

This indicator category corresponds to division H of the International Standard Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC Rev 3.1) and includes: hotels and restaurants.

Source: Euromonitor International

11.04 T&T capital investment intensity

Travel and tourism capital investment per sector employee | 2021, 2022 average

This indicator includes government sector investment expenditure (e.g. equipment, land, buildings, infrastructure) and private-sector investment expenditures (e.g. hotels, convention centres, airports, taxis).

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

12.01 Number of World Heritage natural sites

Number of World Heritage natural sites in the country | 2023

World Heritage natural sites are those properties that the World Heritage Committee considers to have outstanding universal value.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage Centre

12.02 Total known species

Number of animal, plant, fungus and chromista species in the country | 2022

This indicator measures the total number of animal, plant, fungus and chromista species assessed by the IUCN and listed on its Red List.

Source: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Red List

12.03 Total protected areas

Total square kilometres of terrestrial and marine areas under protection | 2023

Based on the IUCN’s definition, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected areas include nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks, natural monuments, habitat/species management, protected landscape/seascape and managed resource protected area. The data undergoes a logarithmic transformation before being scaled from 1 to 7. For more information on protected areas and the associated methodology, please see: https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=Methodology.

Source: UNEP-WCMC, World Database of Protected Areas

12.04 Natural tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to the following nature-related brand tags: Beach Accommodation, Beaches, Gardens, Natural Wonders, Parks and Reserves, Camping, Golf Accommodation, Rural Accommodation, Ski Accommodation, Diving, Golf, Water Sports, Winter Sports, Adventure and Outdoor, Animal Watching, Boating, Fishing, Hunting and Hiking | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 Digital Demand © tool, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 15,721,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in twenty-one languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), German, Danish, Estonian, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

12.05 Number of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions

Number of terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions | 2021

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) defines an ecoregion as a “large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions”. This includes terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecoregions.

Source: One Earth; Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW)

13.01 Number of World Heritage cultural sites

Number of World Heritage cultural sites in the country | 2023

World Heritage cultural sites are those properties that the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.

Source: UNESCO World Heritage Centre

13.02 Oral and intangible cultural heritage

Number of oral and intangible heritage practices and expressions | 2023

Intangible cultural heritage practices are those practices, representations, expressions, knowledge and skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment and their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. The Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage evaluates annually nominations proposed by States Parties to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and decides whether or not to inscribe those cultural practices and expressions of intangible heritage on the Convention’s Lists.

Source: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

13.03 Number of large sports stadiums

Total number of sports stadiums in a country with
a capacity greater than 20,000 seats | 2023

The count of stadiums with a capacity greater than 20,000 seats is a proxy for the ability of a country to host significant sports or entertainment events
(e.g. concerts, shows).

Source: Worldofstadiums.com

13.04 Cultural and entertainment tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to the following culture and entertainment-related brandtags: Gastro Activities, Restaurants, Local Gastronomy, Historical Sites, Museums, UNESCO, History, Local Dances, Local People and Tribes, Local Traditions, Traditional Markets, Religious Sites and Pilgrimage, Performing Arts, Urban Landmarks, Aquariums, Entertainment Parks, Gambling, Nightlife, Shopping, Special Events and Zoos | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 Digital Demand © tool, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 18,308,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in twenty-one languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), German, Danish, Estonian, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

13.05 Number of UNESCO Creative Cities

Number of cities that are members of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network | 2021

The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development. Cities that currently make up this network work together towards a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level. The network covers seven creative fields: crafts and folk arts, media arts, film, design, gastronomy, literature and music.

Source: UNESCO Creative Cities Network

14.01 Presence of Forbes Global 2000 HQ locations

Ratio of the share of Forbes Global 2000 companies based in an economy to the economy’s share of global GDP |2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

Forbes Global 2000 is a list of the 2,000 largest public companies in the world based on sales, profits, assets and market value. A company needs to qualify for at least one of the category lists to be eligible for the final Global 2000 ranking. For more information on the Global 2000 methodology, please visit: https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/#7d1c2b415ac0.

Source: Forbes, Global 2000; The World Bank, World Development Indicators

14.02 Presence of global cities

The indicators measure the presence of cities ranked by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) | 2020

GaWC ranking results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services (accountancy, advertising, banking/finance and law) across 707 cities worldwide, creating a ranking of 394 cities. The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (i.e. enabling corporate globalization). The connectivity measures are used to classify cities into levels of world city network integration. Alpha-level cities are linked to major economic states and regions and into the world economy and are classified into four sections, Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha and Alpha – cities. Beta-level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections, Beta +, Beta and Beta – cities. Gamma-level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Gamma +, Gamma and Gamma – cities. Sufficiency-level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. This is sorted into High-Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, each country’s score is the sum of points of all of the ranked cities based in the economy, with points determined by city classification. A logarithmic transformation is applied to final point values.

Source: Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network

14.03 Number of top universities

Number of top 10,000 universities as ranked by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities | 2023

This indicator is the weighted average of all universities based on ranking tier. A university’s rank is based on a composite index that looks at its web content impact, top-cited researchers and top-cited papers. Universities ranked 1–100 receive full weight, 101–500 receive 1/2 weight, 501–1,000 receive 1/4 weight, 1,001–5,000 receive 1/6 weight and 5,001–10,000 receive 1/16 weight. Institutions ranked 10,001 and above are not counted. Data undergoes a log transformation before being normalized. For more information on the ranking, please see https://www.webometrics.info/en/Methodology.

Source: Cybermetrics Lab, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

14.04 Non-leisure tourism Digital Demand

This indicator measures the total online search volume related to business tourism, study and health tourism brandtags: Business, Entrepreneurship, Exchange Programmes and Financial Aid, Degrees and Courses, Voluntary and Medical Tourism | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average.

The calculation is based on the proprietary D2 Digital Demand © software, which assesses the attractiveness of each country by analysing online tourism-related search data across the relevant brandtags, each comprising destination-specific keywords correlated to tourist activities and attractions. A total of 3,721,000 keywords were analysed across 199 countries and territories, in twenty-one languages: Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), German, Danish, Estonian, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese.

Source: Bloom Consulting and D2 Digital Demand © data, market leader search engines across the world (mobile and desktop)

T&T Energy Sustainability subpillar

15.01 T&T GHG intensity

GHG emissions in CO2e kg per US$ of T&T GDP | 2021

GHG emissions include Scope 1, 2 and 3 plus international transport. Transport activity includes all modes of transport.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/global-travel-footprint

15.02 T&T energy intensity

Megajoule of energy, per real USD of GDP | 2021

Energy sources include Scope 1, 2 and 3 plus international transport.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/global-travel-footprint

15.03 T&T use of low-carbon energy

Low carbon energy as a share of total energy usage in travel & tourism | 2021

Low-carbon energy is defined as renewable
energy (wind, wave, solar and geothermal), plus hydro and nuclear.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/global-travel-footprint

15.04 Renewable energy regulation

The renewable energy pillar score of the RISE index, which gives a snapshot of a country’s policies and regulations in the energy sector | 2021

The renewable energy pillar score is composed of indicators that assess: 1) legal frameworks for renewable energy; 2) planning for renewable energy; 3) incentives and regulatory support for renewable energy; 4) attributes of financial and regulatory incentives; 5) network connection and use; 6) country party risk; 7) carbon pricing and monitoring. For more information, please see https://rise.esmap.org/scoring-system.

Source: The World Bank/ESMAP, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE)

15.05 Energy efficiency regulation

The energy efficiency regulations pillar score of the RISE index, which gives a snapshot of a country’s policies and regulations in the energy sector| 2021

The energy efficiency regulations pillar score is composed of indicators that assess: 1) national energy efficiency planning; 2) energy efficiency entities; 3) incentives and mandates for industrial and commercial end users; 4) incentives and mandates for the public sector; 5) incentives and mandates for energy utility programmes; 6) financial mechanisms for energy efficiency; 7) minimum energy efficiency performance standards; 8) energy labelling systems; 9) building energy codes; 10) transport sector; 11) carbon pricing and monitoring. For more information, please see https://rise.esmap.org/scoring-system.

Source: The World Bank/ESMAP, Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE)

Pollution and Environmental Conditions subpillar

15.06 Particulate matter (2.5) concentration

Population-weighted exposure to PM 2.5 (micrograms per cubic metre) | 2019

Fine-particle outdoor air pollution (PM 2.5) consists of airborne particles measuring less than 2.5 micrometres in aerodynamic diameter, most often produced as a result of combustion. PM 2.5 concentrations are measured in micrograms of particulate matter per cubic metre of air, or μg/m3. To estimate PM 2.5 exposures for people living in a specific area, scientists combine the number of people living within that area and the PM 2.5 concentration to which they are exposed. This method produces a population-weighted annual average concentration for a given country or region. Population-weighted annual average concentrations are better estimates of population exposures, because they give proportionately greater weight to the air pollution experienced where most people live. For more information, please visit: https://www.stateofglobalair.org/data/estimate-exposure.

Source: Health Effects Institute, 2020, State of Global Air 2020, Boston MA

15.07 Level of water stress

Freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater sources | 2020

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators

15.08 Red List Index

The Red List Index measures changes in aggregate extinction risk across groups of species | 2023

This indicator is based on genuine changes in the number of species in each category of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and is expressed as changes in an index ranging from 0 to 1, with 0 meaning all species have gone extinct and 1 meaning all species are classified as Least Concern (i.e. not expected to become extinct in the near future).

Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Global SDG Indicators Database

15.09 Forest cover loss

Five-year moving average of annual tree cover loss to forest extent in 2000, in areas with greater or equal to 30% tree cover | 2018 through 2022 moving average

This indicator is calculated by taking the most recent five-year average of annual tree cover loss divided by forest extent in 2000. In this data set, “tree cover” is defined as all vegetation greater than 5 metres in height and may take the form of natural forests or plantations across a range of canopy densities. “Loss” indicates the removal or mortality of tree cover and can be due to a variety of factors, including mechanical harvesting, fire, disease or storm damage. For more information refer to: https://www.globalforestwatch.org/.

Source: Global Forest Watch

15.10 Proportion of safely treated domestic wastewater flows

Share of domestic wastewater that is safely treated | 2022

This indicator measures share of wastewater volumes (1,000 m³/day), generated through different activities, that are safely treated before being discharged into the environment. Domestic flows are those that are generated from private households.

Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, SDG Indicators Database

15.11 Clean ocean water

Ocean Health Index score for clean waters | 2023

This indicator measures the how free ocean regions are from contamination such as from chemicals, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, disease pathogens and trash. For more information, please see http://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/OHI-Science/ohi-global/published/documents/methods/Supplement.html#65_clean_waters.

Source: Global Ocean Health Index

Preservation of Nature subpillar

15.12 Number of environmental treaty ratifications

Total number of ratified environmental treaties | 2023

This indicator measures the total number of international treaties from a set of 29 for which a state is a participant. A state is acknowledged as a participant whenever its status for each treaty appears as Ratified, Accession or In Force. The treaties included are: the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling; the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971 Ramsar; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 Paris; the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 London, Mexico City, Moscow, Washington; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 Washington; the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) as modified by the Protocol of 1978, London; the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 Bonn; the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Montego Bay; the Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 Vienna; the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987 Montreal; the Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989 Basel; the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990 London; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 New York; the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 Rio de Janeiro; the International Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly Africa, 1994 Paris; the Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, 1994 New York; the Agreement relating to the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995 New York; the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on the Climate Change, Kyoto 1997; the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997; the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998 Rotterdam; the Cartagena Protocol of Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000 Montreal; the Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 London; the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001 Stockholm; the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2001 Rome; the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 2006 Geneva; the Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2010 Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur; the Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and their Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya 2010; the Convention on Mercury, Minamata, 2013; and the Paris Agreement 2015.

Source: IUCN, Environmental Law Centre ELIS Treaty Database (received via direct communication)

15.13 Adequate protection for nature

Response to the survey question: “In your country to what extent are the following natural and social assets adequately protected: The environment and nature?” [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

15.14 Total protected areas coverage

Total square kilometres of terrestrial and marine under protection as a share of the country’s total area | 2023

Based on the IUCN, a protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected areas include nature reserves, wilderness areas, national parks, natural monuments, habitat/species management, protected landscape/seascape and managed resource protected area.

Source: UNEP-WCMC, World Database of Protected Areas

15.15 Average proportion of all key biodiversity areas covered by protected areas

Mean percentage of each terrestrial/freshwater Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) covered by (i.e. overlapping with) protected areas and/or OECMs) | 2022

The indicator shows temporal trends in the mean percentage of each important site for terrestrial
and freshwater biodiversity (i.e. those that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity) that is covered by designated protected areas and Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs).

Source: BirdLife International, IUCN, and UNEP-WCMC

16.01 T&T GDP multiplier

Ratio of indirect and induced tourism gross domestic product to direct travel and tourism gross domestic product contribution | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

Direct contribution reflects internal travel and tourism spending, which includes resident and non-resident spending on industry services. Total contribution reflects wider sector impact on an economy such as spending on supply-chain goods and consumer spending of sector and supplier employees.

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

16.02 T&T employment multiplier

Ratio of indirect and induced tourism employment to direct travel and tourism employment contribution | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Research 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/

16.03 T&T high-wage jobs

Proportion of direct T&T jobs that are in high-wage sectors | 2021

High-wage sectors are defined as those in which average wages are roughly in the top third of earnings in a given country (above the 65th percentile).

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/global-travel-footprint

16.04 T&T labour gender parity

Absolute difference between the male and female share of direct travel and tourism jobs | 2021

Source: World Travel & Tourism Council, Sustainable Tourism Global Center initiated by the Ministry of Tourism of Saudi Arabia, 2023: https://researchhub.wttc.org/global-travel-footprint

17.01 Inbound length of stay

Length of stay refers to the number of days spent in the destination country | 2020, 2021, 2022 moving average

Source: Euromonitor International

17.02 Seasonality of international tourist arrivals

Top three months’ share of total yearly international tourist arrivals | 2021, 2022 moving average

International tourist arrivals are defined as tourists who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence, but outside their usual environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is other than an activity remunerated from within the country visited.

Source: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism)

17.03 Concentration of interest in cultural attractions

Share of an economy’s total page views that its top 10% of viewed cultural attractions received on Tripadvisor | 2021, 2022, 2023 year end August moving average

This indicator acts as a proxy for potential overcrowding at attractions. Cultural attractions include churches/ cathedrals, religious sites, historic walking areas, ancient ruins, educational sites, military bases/ facilities, missions, libraries, civic centres, mines, castles, government buildings, historic sites, cemeteries, battlefields, scenic/historic walking areas, neighbourhoods and ghost towns. Economies that have 10 or fewer attractions are excluded. Data is received by direct communication.

Source: Tripadvisor

17.04 Concentration of interest in nature attractions

Share of an economy’s total page views that its top 10% of viewed nature attractions received on Tripadvisor | 2021, 2022, 2023 year end August moving average

This indicator acts as a proxy for potential overcrowding at attractions. Nature and park attractions include nature/wildlife areas, islands, beaches, playgrounds, national parks, forests, dams, biking trails, waterfalls, off-road/all-terrain vehicle trails, hot springs/geysers, geologic formations, motorcycle trails, state parks, equestrian trails, volcanoes, bodies of water, parks, caverns/caves, gardens, valleys, mountains, zoos, ski/snowboarding areas, canyons, reefs, hiking trails, marinas, aquariums, deserts, other nature and parks. Economies that have 10 or fewer attractions are excluded. Data is received by direct communication.

Source: Tripadvisor

17.05 Geographically dispersed tourism

Response to the survey question: “In your country, to what extent are foreign visitors (tourists and business travellers) dispersed throughout the country?” [1 = Visitors are heavily concentrated in a few destinations; 7 = Visitors are equally distributed throughout the country] | 2022–2023 weighted average

Source: World Economic Forum; Executive Opinion Survey