Education and Skills

Bilinguals' brains don't have to work hard to switch between languages

Two skaters chat near Tagus river in Lisbon, Portugal July 24, 2015.  REUTERS/Rafael Marchante - GF10000169188

Switching languages when talking with another bilingual individual does not require any extra effort. Image: REUTERS/Rafael Marchante

James Devitt
Deputy Director of Media Relations , New York University

For bilingual speakers, switching languages is only effortful—that is, it requires executive control to manage cognitive functions—when the speakers are prompted or forced to do so, new research suggests.

The new research finds that switching languages when conversing with another bilingual individual—a circumstance when switches are typically voluntary—does not require any more executive control than when continuing to speak the same language.

“For a bilingual human, every utterance requires a choice about which language to use,” observes senior author Liina Pylkkanen, a professor in the linguistics and psychology departments at New York University. “Our findings show that circumstances influence bilingual speakers’ brain activity when making language switches.”

“Bilingualism is an inherently social phenomenon, with the nature of our interactions determining language choice,” adds lead author and doctoral candidate Esti Blanco-Elorrieta. “These results make clear that even though we may switch between languages in which we are fluent, our brains respond differently, depending on what spurs such changes.”

Historically, research on the neuroscience of bilingualism has asked speakers to associate languages with a cue that bears no natural association to the language, such as a color, and to then name pictures in the language indicated by the color cue.

This type of experiment, however, doesn’t capture the real-life experience of a bilingual speaker—given experimental parameters, it artificially prompts, or forces, the speakers to speak a particular language. By contrast, in daily interactions, language choice is determined on the basis of social cues or ease of access to certain vocabulary items in one language vs. another.

Have you read?

This distinction raises the possibility that our brains don’t have to work as hard when changing languages in more natural settings.

In an effort to understand neural activity of bilingual speakers in both circumstances, the researchers used magnetoencephalography (MEG), a technique that maps neural activity by recording magnetic fields generated by the electrical currents produced by our brain.

They studied Arabic-English bilingual speakers in a variety of conversational situations, ranging from completely artificial scenarios—much like earlier experiments—to fully natural conversations. These conversations were real conversations between undergraduates that had agreed to be mic’d for a portion of their day on campus.

Their results showed marked distinctions between artificial and more natural settings.

Specifically, the brain areas for executive, or cognitive, control—the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex—were less involved during language changes in the natural setting than they were in the artificial setting. In fact, when the study’s subjects were free to switch languages whenever they wanted, they did not engage these areas at all.

Furthermore, in a listening mode, language switches in the artificial setting required an expansive tapping of the brain’s executive control areas; however, language switching while listening to a natural conversation engaged only the auditory cortices.

In other words, the neural cost to switch languages was much lighter during a conversation—when speakers chose which language to speak—than in a classic laboratory task, in which language choice was dictated by artificial cues.

“This work gets us closer to understanding the brain basis of bilingualism as opposed to language switching in artificial laboratory tasks” observes Pylkkänen.

The study shows that the role of executive control in language switching may be much smaller than previously thought.

This is important, the researchers note, for theories about “bilingual advantage,” which posit that bilinguals have superior executive control because they switch language frequently.

These latest results suggest that the advantage may only arise for bilinguals who need to control their languages according to external constraints (such as the person they are speaking to) and would not occur by virtue of a life experience in a bilingual community where switching is fully free.

Don't miss any update on this topic

Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

Sign up for free

License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Stay up to date:

Education

Related topics:
Education and SkillsEmerging Technologies
Share:
The Big Picture
Explore and monitor how Education is affecting economies, industries and global issues
A hand holding a looking glass by a lake
Crowdsource Innovation
Get involved with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale
World Economic Forum logo
Global Agenda

The Agenda Weekly

A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda

Subscribe today

You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. For more details, review our privacy policy.

Why younger generations need critical thinking, fact-checking and media verification to stay safe online

Agustina Callegari and Adeline Hulin

October 31, 2024

Skills for the future: 4 ways to help workers transition to the digital economy

About us

Engage with us

  • Sign in
  • Partner with us
  • Become a member
  • Sign up for our press releases
  • Subscribe to our newsletters
  • Contact us

Quick links

Language editions

Privacy Policy & Terms of Service

Sitemap

© 2024 World Economic Forum