- 14% of the world's coral died between 2009 and 2018.
- South Asia, the Pacific and Australia have lost the largest proportions of their coral reefs, due mainly to pollution and fishing.
- 25% of all marine life relies on reefs for sustenance and habitation.
- Climate change has been a large factor in its decline.
According to a report by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) covering 40 years of data and over 12,000 sites, 14 percent of the world's coral died off between 2009 and 2018. When you take the whole data range into consideration, some regions are hardly affected, others are hit even harder as our chart shows.
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In the South Asia region, live coral cover saw a mean absolute decline of almost 21 percent between the first and the most recent survey, most likely attributable to commercial fishing and pollution. Australia, home to the Great Barrier Reef spanning 344,000 km² of islands and individual reefs, had only the third largest pure coral reef area with 41,000 km² in 2019 but was dealing with ten percent absolute mean decline in live corals. As indicated by the GCRMN's report, corals can be resilient when granted the chance to recover from external stress factors: In 2019, live coral growth on reefs increased by two percent.
What's the World Economic Forum doing about the ocean?
Our ocean covers 70% of the world’s surface and accounts for 80% of the planet’s biodiversity. We can't have a healthy future without a healthy ocean - but it's more vulnerable than ever because of climate change and pollution.
Tackling the grave threats to our ocean means working with leaders across sectors, from business to government to academia.
The World Economic Forum, in collaboration with the World Resources Institute, convenes the Friends of Ocean Action, a coalition of leaders working together to protect the seas. From a programme with the Indonesian government to cut plastic waste entering the sea to a global plan to track illegal fishing, the Friends are pushing for new solutions.
Climate change is an inextricable part of the threat to our oceans, with rising temperatures and acidification disrupting fragile ecosystems. The Forum runs a number of initiatives to support the shift to a low-carbon economy, including hosting the Alliance of CEO Climate Leaders, who have cut emissions in their companies by 9%.
Is your organization interested in working with the World Economic Forum? Find out more here.
Even though coral reefs only cover 0.2 percent of the ocean floor, they provide sustenance and habitats for 25 percent of marine life, which makes the decline of these ecosystems even more impactful. One of the key reasons for the death of corals is coral bleaching caused by a rise in water temperature most often attributed to climate change. In this process, the corals expel the algae serving as the main source of food and the coral's color, leading to increased susceptibility to disease and death.
