As ‘cryptomania’ gripped trading markets at the end of 2017, a disturbing fact about the early blockchain algorithms used in platforms like Bitcoin and Ethereum came to the fore: they use staggering amounts of electricity.
Estimates suggest that powering Bitcoin’s daily transactions – the largest of the cryptocurrencies by market value – consumes the energy equivalent of a country, recently surpassing Denmark and Ireland. While there is some debate over the exact figures, it is evident that the mining process of validating transactions on a blockchain has a significant energy downside.
But what if, rather than creating yet another energy crunch, blockchain could instead be a solution, migrating us more quickly to a clean, resilient, affordable, and distributed energy system?
We believe the unique features of blockchain – when employed using alternative approaches for validating transactions that avoid mining – can stimulate an Internet of Energy that meets our needs more sustainably.
Delivering security, low cost, and automation
A cryptocurrency is a simple application of blockchain technology to store and transfer value. Blockchain’s use here is attractive because its traceable ledger and advanced cryptography act as powerful safeguards against hacking. Furthermore, blockchain’s peer-to-peer functionality avoids third-party intermediaries (such as banks) by design, decreasing transaction costs. This ability to securely and inexpensively commoditise trust is a powerful attribute of blockchain technology.
Blockchain also supports more complex functions called smart contracts, which enable transfers of value upon verification of a prescribed business logic. Think of this feature as market-based asset automation. In the case of energy, smart contracts can be linked to energy-generating and consuming devices (such as wind turbines, rooftop solar cells, electric vehicle batteries, smart thermostats, water heaters), directing their behaviour based on sensor-signaled energy prices and the physical state of the grid.
It is the fusion of these three blockchain characteristics: cybersecurity, low-cost transactions, and automation that will allow us to integrate a grid of centralised power plants alongside distributed renewables, batteries, and flexible load, at minimal expense and without sacrificing reliability.
A blockchain-based platform enables us to simply and securely balance the grid from both ends at the same time, dramatically increasing asset utilisation in a capital-intensive network that frequently runs at just 50% capacity.
While it may take some time to assemble all the elements of a fully transactive grid, expect to see more straightforward applications of energy blockchains in the near term. One of the first will allow you to select the source of your power.
Choosing the colour of your electrons
With rising concern about the negative impacts of fossil-based power sources, more and more customers – including many large corporations – are seeking ways to purchase “green” renewable generation like solar and wind. Yet even in markets where customers have this choice, it is challenging to authenticate a purchase in a timely manner.
Today, meters at solar and wind power plants record information onto a spreadsheet, which is shared with regulators who typically enter the information into another database. “Certificates” for the renewable energy are manually generated. Market intermediaries then connect buyers with sellers, vouching for the integrity of information on the certificate in exchange for a fee. This complex process results in relatively high costs and a time lag, often taking months to complete a transaction.
Moreover, this system with multiple actors, processes, and data formats is subject to several vulnerabilities, including unintentional accounting errors, double counting of certificates (including intentional abuse), and cyber theft or data manipulation. The result is a flawed and highly inefficient market that is difficult and costly to access, even for the most determined buyer.
The image below illustrates the current system for buying renewable energy certificates (RECs).
Blockchain technology dramatically simplifies the system, delivering transparency and trust to the marketplace. Meters connect directly to a blockchain that acts as a common, public ledger, establishing a shared set of data. Market intermediaries disappear as accreditation and validation functions are integrated into transaction protocols. Encryption guarantees data integrity.
Decentralised processing and storage protects data from attack and manipulation. Online transactions are settled instantaneously, with little need for working capital or counterparty credit. Reporting is automated, verifiable, and immediate. Aggregation and disaggregation of customers and products is seamlessly executed according to expressed preferences and targeted markets. Lowered costs and eased access enhance market participation.
As illustrated below, all these functions can be integrated in one, streamlined system.
Reinventing accounting systems to “de-commoditise” electricity markets is a powerful demonstration of blockchain capabilities. Leading energy companies are actively collaborating to create an open-source version of this application for global use within the Energy Web Foundation, a non-profit foundation focused on advancing blockchain technology in the energy sector.
In parallel, early blockchain applications are emerging in electric vehicle charging, microgrid management, and transactive energy. Automated demand response, wholesale market trading, and eventually fully distributed resource market automation will follow. Blockchain is advancing at the speed of software development, not infrastructure deployment.
Unfettering energy blockchains
The exciting combination of characteristics embodied by blockchain technology has escalated expectations in diverse industries ranging from banking to healthcare to sustainable agriculture, with the most vocal advocates promising nothing less than complete disintermediation of entire industries.
This hype led to over $4 billion raised in 2017 via Initial Coin Offerings, largely unregulated vehicles for funding blockchain-focused projects. However, for blockchains to live up to expectations and achieve their full potential in the energy sector, a number of challenges need to be tackled:
⦁ Speed
Public blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum can only handle between seven and thirty transactions per second today. Digitising and incorporating all energy-producing and consuming devices into a transactive grid demands the ability to handle millions of transactions per second.
⦁ Secure interconnection
For grid operations to become fully digitised and autonomous, a scalable means of authenticating, registering, and monitoring blockchain-connected devices is required. This would entail opening protocols that are currently proprietary and adapting a range of devices to enable connectivity.
⦁ Regulatory reform
Rolling out standardised, blockchain-based market policies and frameworks will require regulators to align on approaches for how transactions are cleared (this is called a consensus mechanism in the blockchain community).
From environmental villain to energy superhero
In appreciation of the potential scope of the opportunity and awareness of the technical challenges, industry leaders are pooling their resources in consortia to prototype and standardise the use of blockchain technology.
The Energy Web Foundation is working with electricity market participants from across the globe to build a scalable, open source blockchain specifically tailored to energy market needs and designed to be energy efficient.
At the same time, other consortia including Enerchain are working with utilities to build blockchain applications that streamline wholesale energy trading. A third consortium working with the Linux Foundation via the Hyperledger Project is building a general blockchain platform that is not energy specific but can be used for energy applications.
With the scale of deployed resources and activity, we expect to quickly establish the possibilities and limitations of this new technology. And while near-term concerns about energy consumption are well-founded, future generations of blockchain technology will most certainly find ways to eliminate energy-intensive mining. When this happens, we believe that blockchain will quickly shed its image of environmental villain to reappear as clean energy superhero.
